Diagnostic test for cardiomyopathy

ABSTRACT

Methods and compositions relating to diagnosing and treating cardiomyopathy and particularly relating to methods and compositions for diagnosing and treating arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyophathy (ARVD/C) are described. Provided are methods for screening for, diagnosing or detecting a risk of developing arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) comprising detecting the presence of a transmembrane protein 43 (TMEM43) disease associated variant in a sample of a subject, wherein the presence of a TMEM43 disease variant is indicative that the subject has ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C compared to an individual having wild type TMEM43.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/339,877, filed on Dec. 19, 2008, which claims the benefit under 35 USC §119 of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/016,226 filed Dec. 21, 2007, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

A computer readable form of the Sequence Listing “P2882U.S.02 Sequence Listing.txt” (129,405 bytes), submitted via EFS-WEB and created on Mar. 14, 2013, is herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD

The disclosure relates to methods and compositions for diagnosing and treating cardiomyopathy and particularly to methods and compositions for diagnosing and treating arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C).

BACKGROUND

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) causes ventricular tachyarrhythmias, heart failure and sudden cardiac death (SCD), with fibro-fatty replacement of the ventricular myocardium. Diagnosis relies upon descriptive diagnostic criteria¹, and remains difficult because gene carriers manifest different phenotypes (variable expressivity) and may show no signs of disease (reduced penetrance). This recognized clinical heterogeneity² makes the potential use of genetic diagnosis (either by linkage or mutation analysis), to determine those at risk prior to malignant clinical sequalea, extremely important. ARVC is also genetically heterogeneous, with eleven ARVC mapped loci and seven identified genes to date,³⁻⁷ several coding for desmosomal proteins (desmoplakin, plakophilin, desmoglein and plakoglobin) that are predicted to succumb to mechanical stress.^(5, 7)

A novel locus for ARVC (ARVD5) was mapped to chromosome 3p in 1998 as the result of a genome-wide scan in an extended family from Newfoundland, Canada with an autosomal dominant form of ARVC.⁸ Since then, 14 additional Newfoundland families have been identified where a disease-associated haplotype (ARVD5 haplotype) is shared with the family used to map the ARVD5 locus. This ARVD5 haplotype has been used to predict disease risk status, allowing prophylactic treatment with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy that greatly improved survival.⁹

Identification of the ARVD5 gene would allow improved diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of individuals with ARVD/C.

SUMMARY

The inventors have identified a minimal critical region of the ARVD5 haplotype associated with the cardiomyopathy, ARVD/C and have further identified a gene, TMEM43, disease associated variants of which are diagnostic of ARVD/C. The inventors have found that various markers that map to the ARVD5 region are useful for predicting if an individual is affected when other family members are available for testing. These include microsatellite markers: D3S3610, D3S2403, D3S1516, D3S3608, D3S2385, D3S3602, D3S1585, D3S1554, D3S3595, D3S3613. In addition the inventors have shown that detection of TMEM43 disease associated variants is useful for diagnosing individuals with ARVD/C and for prognosing individuals at risk of developing ARVD/C. Early detection is advantageous as the inventors have previously shown that improved survival occurs in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). The inventors disclose that at risk families are readily screened for TMEM43 disease associated variants through, for example, genetic mutation analysis.

The inventors have further demonstrated that a serine to leucine substitution in amino acid 358 of TMEM43 at locus ARVD5 is the cause of ARVD/C in 15 families analyzed. Both arrhythmiogenic and cardiomyopathic disease occurs, leading to early death and heart failure, particularly in males. Pre-symptomatic diagnosis by molecular testing facilitates early recognition of subjects within the population at risk for sudden death, and allows for therapeutic intervention.

Accordingly, an aspect of the disclosure provides a method of screening for, diagnosing or detecting a risk of developing cardiomyopathy in a subject by detecting the presence of a transmembrane protein 43 (TMEM43) disease associated variant in a sample of the subject, where the presence of the TMEM43 disease associated variant is indicative that the subject has cardiomyopathy or an increased risk of developing cardiomyopathy compared to an individual not having the TMEM43 disease associated variant. In an embodiment, the cardiomyopathy is ARVD/C. In another embodiment, the cardiomyopathy is ARVD/C, associated with ARVD5.

Another aspect provides a method of screening for, diagnosing or detecting a risk of developing arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) in a subject by detecting the presence of a transmembrane protein 43 (TMEM43) disease associated variant in a sample of the subject, where the presence of the TMEM43 disease associated variant is indicative that the subject has ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C compared to an individual not having the TMEM43 disease associated variant.

A further aspect provides a method of identifying subjects with an increased risk of and/or predisposition for developing cardiomyopathy, by detecting the presence of a TMEM43 disease associated variant in a sample of the subject, where the presence of the TMEM43 disease associated is indicative that the subject has an increased risk of developing cardiomyopathy. In an embodiment, the cardiomyopathy is ARVD/C. In another embodiment, the cardiomyopathy is ARVD/C, associated with ARVD5.

In an embodiment the TMEM43 disease associated variant detected has a gene mutation.

A gene mutation is optionally detected in genomic sequence. Accordingly, in one embodiment the gene mutation is mutation of a nucleotide corresponding to genome position 14158166. In another embodiment the mutation is the nucleotide corresponding to genome position 14158166 and is a missense mutation. In another embodiment the missense mutation at this position is a mutation to thymidine (nucleotide 171, SEQ ID NO:4). In yet another embodiment the gene mutation is 14158166C>T.

A gene mutation is optionally detected in nucleic acid gene products. Accordingly, in one embodiment the gene mutation detected is mutation of a nucleotide corresponding to position 1073 in TMEM43 mRNA. In one embodiment the mutation of the nucleotide corresponding to position 1073 in TMEM43 mRNA is a missense mutation. In another embodiment the missense mutation at this position is mutation to thymidine (nucleotide 1222, SEQ ID NO:5). In a further embodiment the gene mutation is 1073C>T.

A gene mutation is optionally detected in polypeptide gene products. Accordingly, in one embodiment the gene mutation encodes a mutation of an amino acid corresponding to position 358 in TMEM43 polypeptide. In one embodiment the amino acid corresponding to position 358 is leucine (SEQ ID NO:6). In a further embodiment the gene mutation encodes S358L.

In alternate embodiments the gene mutation is a deletion mutation that results in deletion of: a nucleotide corresponding to genome position 14158166, a nucleotide corresponding to position 1073 in TMEM43 mRNA, or an amino acid corresponding to position 358 in TMEM43 polypeptide.

In certain embodiments the TMEM43 disease associated variant is detected in a sample of a subject where the sample contains blood. In other embodiments, the sample contains white blood cells. In yet other embodiments, the sample contains cardiac tissue.

The methods are useful for screening for, diagnosing or detecting a risk of developing ARVD/C in pre-symptomatic subjects and in subjects having a relative with an ARVD5 haplotype associated with ARVD/C.

In certain embodiments, the methods employ isolated nucleic acids and antibodies described herein. In other embodiments, the methods employ genotyping, PCR and RT-PCR, and/or use of microarrays.

Another aspect provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a TMEM43 gene or transcript disease associated variant.

Another aspect provides a reagent for detecting a TMEM43 disease associated variant, such as an isolated nucleic acid primer or probe. In an embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises:

-   -   a) any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-54 and/or combinations thereof;         and/or     -   b) a nucleic acid molecule with at least 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%         sequence identity to a), characterized in that the nucleic acid         molecule is capable of binding TMEM43 under moderately stringent         conditions. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid with at least         80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% sequence identity to a) binds TMEM43 under         moderately stringent conditions and is capable of priming strand         synthesis. Isolated nucleic acid molecules including for example         SEQ ID NOs: 1-52 are useful as primers to amplify TMEM43. In an         embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule is an amplified         which is produced by amplification of a TMEM43 disease         associated variant containing template. Isolated nucleic acid         molecules including for example SEQ ID NO: 53 and/or 54, are         useful for as probes to detect TMEM43 disease associated         variants.

Another aspect provides a composition comprising at least one isolated nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes to:

-   -   a) a RNA product of TMEM43;     -   b) a nucleic acid complementary to a); and/or     -   c) a nucleic acid corresponding to a);         where the composition is used to detect a TMEM43 disease         associated variant. In an embodiment, a) comprises a TMEM43         disease associated variant. In an embodiment, a nucleic acid         complementary to a) and/or corresponding to a) comprises genomic         TMEM43. In certain embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid is a         probe. In one embodiment the probe comprises SEQ ID NO: 53         or 54. In other embodiments the isolated nucleic acid is a         primer optionally a primer pair useful for amplifying a TMEM43         disease associated variant. In certain embodiments the primers         comprise SEQ ID NO:43 and/or SEQ ID NO:44.

The disclosure also describes kits containing one or more isolated nucleic acids and/or antibodies useful for detecting a TMEM43 disease associated variant and instructions for use.

A further aspect relates to a commercial package comprising one or more isolated nucleic acids and/or antibodies useful for detecting a TMEM43 disease associated variant and instructions for use.

Yet a further aspect relates to identifying TMEM43 disease associated variants comprising amplifying a TMEM43, gene or transcript or part thereof from a sample of a subject, comparing the amplified region to a control population, wherein a mutation that is detected in the sample and is rare or undetected in the control population is a TMEM43 disease associated variant.

Another aspect relates to a screening assay for identifying agents that target and/or bind a TMEM43 disease associated variant.

Other features and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the description and the specific examples while indicating preferred embodiments are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this description of various embodiments.

DRAWINGS

Embodiments are described below in relation to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic demonstrating that ARVC families are linked to 3p25. Panel A shows the pedigrees of 15 autosomal dominant ARVC families from Newfoundland linked to ARVD5 on 3p25. Patients diagnosed with ARVC are indicated by blackened squares (male) and circles (female). Panel B is the photomicrographs of paraffin-embedded post mortem right ventricular myocardium stained with masson trichrome showing fibrofatty replacement of myocytes where darker staining is the normal myocardium, lighter grey is fiber and white is fat, from a male teenager who had a SCD (left: ×40 magnification) and his second degree blood relative who also died suddenly in his 8th decade (right: ×20 magnification).

FIG. 2 is a schematic showing workflow and mutation status of subjects born at a priori 50% risk of ARVC.

FIG. 3 is a physical map of the ARVD5 critical region. Panel A shows a summary of recombinant ARVD5 haplotypes identified in patients across 15 ARVC families from Newfoundland. Eighteen microsatellite markers across the top, and summary family haplotypes on the side. Numbers in cells are alleles in base pairs. Panel B is the physical map of the ARVD5 critical region. Physical distances were captured from the March 2006 freeze of The UCSC Genome Browser. Arrows show the direction of transcription of each annotated gene in the ARVD5 critical region on chromosome 3p.

FIG. 4 is a comparison of TMEM43 cDNA in myocardium and leukocytes. (Panel A) Gene structure of TMEM43. (Panel B) Coverage of primers designed to amplify cDNA showing position of PCR primer pairs: Exons 1-4 (darkest grey), Exons 4-9 (light grey), Exons 9-12 (lighter grey); Exons 1-10 (medium grey) 5-12 (white). (Panel C) PCR products amplified from cDNA of EBV transfected B cells of affected subjects from the mutation screening panel (Affected AR1 & Affected AR15) and unaffected (control) subjects and cDNA of heart tissue from the left and right ventricle of an affected subject (Affected Left Ventricle and Affected Right Ventricle) and heart biopsy from a control subject. (Panel D&E) Sequencing traces of genomic and complimentary DNA including amino acid translations (top) and both forward and reverse traces (output from Mutation Surveyor) of an affected subject (Family AR13).

FIG. 5 is a haplotype analysis of the rare sequencing variants in ARVC families identified with key recombinations to the ARVD5 ancestral haplotype. Only one variant, TMEM43 1073 C>T, is retained on the ARVD5-ancestral haplotype (white) in subjects with primary affection status from families AR2 and AR10. Haplotypes consist of both microsatellite markers (D names) and the five rare variants (gene named followed by the variant description).

FIG. 6 is a schematic showing multiple alignment of the TMEM43 gene with eight other vertebrate and invertebrate homologous sequences Panel A: Large light grey box outlines the DUF1625 domain and black boxes outline predicted transmembrane domains. Completely conserved residues are in lightest grey, strongly similar residues are in gray and weakly similar residues are in dark grey. The mutation in ARVC families is shown highlighted in black. Panel B: shows the alignment of Eukaryotic species in Web logo format, where the third transmembrane domain is outlined (black box). The white arrow gives the position of the S358L mutation. Clustal W align was used to align orthologues from Homo sapiens (NP_(—)077310)(SEQ ID NO:3), Pan troglodytes (XP_(—)516299)(SEQ ID NO:7), Canis familiaris (XP_(—)541751)(SEQ ID NO:8), Mus musculus (NP_(—)083042)(SEQ ID NO:9), Gallus gallus (XP_(—)414378)(SEQ ID NO:10), Zenopus tropicalis (UP10004D5297)(SEQ ID NO:11), Tetraodon nigroviridis (Q4RXL8)(SEQ ID NO:12), Drosophila melanogaster (NP_(—)64162)(SEQ ID NO:13), Rhizobium loti (Q98HF3)(SEQ ID NO:14).¹¹

FIG. 7 is a schematic showing the predicted topography of the TMEM43 protein showing four transmembrane domains (white) with predicted phoshorylation sites (pale grey), transactivation domain (medium grey), YingOYang sites (pale grey) SUMO attachment (dark grey), and the O-glycosylation sites (open grey), S358L mutation (black). The extracellular and cytoplasmic regions can switched for there is equal evidence supporting either orientation.

FIG. 8 is an analysis of clinical data in affected and non-affected individuals. A) Cumulative incidence of PVC's>1000 in 24 hours in: A1) Affected n=11 and unaffected n=18 males without >1000 PVC's at baseline. A2) Affected n=24 and unaffected n=21 females without >1000 PVC's at baseline. A3) Affected males vs. affected females without >1000 PVC's at baseline. B) Cumulative incidence of Heart Failure in: B1) Affected n=89 and unaffected n=71 males without heart failure at baseline. B2) Affected n=87 and unaffected n=68 females without heart failure at baseline. B3) Affected males vs. affected females without heart failure at baseline. C) Cumulative incidence of death in: C1) Affected n=148 and unaffected n=77 males. C2) Affected n=109 and unaffected 74=X females. C3) Affected males vs. affected females.

FIG. 9 is a schematic showing sequence variants identified through sequencing using the Mutation Screening Panel. All sequencing variants (n=240) identified in the 20 ARVD5 candidate genes. 19 variants were found exclusively in subjects with primary affection status.

FIG. 10 is a segregation analysis through family AR14 illustrates that eleven of the nineteen variants are on the ARVD5-associated haplotype (white).

FIG. 11 is schematic showing that clinically unaffected subjects from two ARVC families share distal regions of the ARVD5 ancestral haplotype that do not include the TMEM43 gene.

FIG. 12 is a graph (A) and table (B) showing age penetrance of TMEM43 positive subjects.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) in its most severe presentation, causes sudden cardiac death and early death due to arrhythmias and heart failure. This is seen particularly in males. Clinical diagnosis of ARVD/C is difficult. Various loci including the ARVD5 locus have previously been identified. The inventors have identified a reduced minimal critical region of the ARVD5 haplotype associated with ARVD/C and have further identified a gene, TMEM43, disease associated variants of which are diagnostic of ARVD/C. For example a modification of serine to leucine at position 358 (S358L) was found in all affected individuals and in less than 1% of the population at large, indicating that detection of TMEM43 disease associated variants, such as S358L is diagnostic for ARVD/C and/or developing ARVD/C. At risk families are readily screened for TMEM43 disease associated variants through for example genetic mutation analysis. Detection of TMEM43 disease associated variants is useful for diagnosing individuals with ARVD/C and for prognosing individuals at risk of developing ARVD/C. Early detection is advantageous as the inventors have previously shown that improved survival occurs in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).

Accordingly, an aspect of the disclosure provides a method of screening for, diagnosing and/or detecting cardiomyopathy or an increased risk of developing cardiomyopathy in a subject comprising detecting the presence of a TMEM43 disease associated variant in a sample of the subject, wherein the presence of the TMEM43 disease associated variant is indicative of cardiomyopathy and/or an increased risk or developing cardiomyopathy.

Another embodiment provides a method of diagnosing ARVD/C comprising detecting the presence of a TMEM43 disease associated variant in a sample of the subject, wherein the presence of the TMEM43 disease associated variant is indicative of ARVD/C. In an embodiment, the subject has at least one clinical feature associated with cardiomyopathy, for example arrhythmias. In another embodiment, the subject has been diagnosed with a cardiomyopathy.

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of screening for, diagnosing or detecting ARVD/C and/or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C in a subject comprising detecting the presence of a TMEM43 disease associated variant in a sample of the subject, wherein the presence of the TMEM43 disease associated variant is indicative of ARVD/C and/or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C.

A further embodiment provides a method of diagnosing a predisposition for ARVD/C in a subject comprising detecting the presence of a TMEM43 disease associated variant in a sample of the subject, wherein the presence of the TMEM43 disease associated variant is indicative of a predisposition for ARVD/C. Another embodiment provides a method of identifying a subject with an increased risk of and/or predisposition for ARVD/C comprising detecting in a sample from the subject, a TMEM43 disease associated variant, wherein the presence of the TMEM43 disease associated variant is indicative of an increased risk of ARVD/C. The presence of a TMEM43 disease associated variant is indicative that the subject has ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C compared to an individual not having the TMEM43 disease associated variant.

As used herein the phrase “screening for, diagnosing or detecting ARVD/C” refers to a method or process of determining if a subject has ARVD/C.

As used herein the phrase “screening for, diagnosing or detecting a risk of developing ARVD/C” refers to a method or process of determining if a subject has an increased risk of developing ARVD/C.

As used herein “cardiomyopathy” refers to diseases of the heart muscle and includes ARVD/C including ARVD/C, associated with ARVD5.

As used herein “ARVD/C” or arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy refers to a cardiomyopathy in which normal myocardium appears to be replaced by fibrofatty tissue. Although ARVD/C was initially described as a disease of the right ventricle it is also a biventricular disorder. ARVD/C has a genetic component. Hence the methods, compositions and kits described are useful for identifying presymptomatic subjects and/or subjects with an increased risk of and/or predisposition for developing ARVD/C as well as diagnosing subjects with ARVD/C. Symptoms associated with ARVD/C may include palpitations ventricular tachycardia, pre-syncope or light headedness, syncope or fainting, which are all vague symptoms found in the general population. A final outcome can include heart failure and sudden death. ARVD/C is alternatively referred to as ARVC or arrhythmic cardiomyopathy.

As used herein “ARVD/C associated with ARDV5” refers to ARVD/C associated with and/or caused by mutations in the ARVD5 locus. For example, the methods, compositions and kits described herein are useful for identifying subjects who are negative for mutations associated with loci other than ARVD5 e.g. in desmosomal genes such as mutations in desmoplakin, plakophilin, desmoglein and/or plakoglobin not associated with ARVD5. A person skilled in the art would recognize that ARVD/C associated with may be related to deficiencies in desmosomal pathways, eg through functional interactions.

As used herein “TMEM43” or “transmembrane protein 43” refers to a TMEM43 gene including gene introns and its gene products including transcribed nucleic acids and translated polypeptides (such as TMEM43 gene, TMEM43 transcripts, TMEM43 polypeptides). TMEM43 is also known as LUMA and has been suggested to reside in the inner nuclear membrane and ER⁴³. TMEM43 optionally refers to the full sequence or a portion thereof which retains TMEM43 activity. In a preferred embodiment TMEM43 refers to human TMEM43.

“Wild-type TMEM43 gene” or “wild-type TMEM43 gene products” as used herein refers to common naturally occurring forms of the TMEM43 gene or gene products that are not associated with disease. In one embodiment, wild type TMEM43 has the genomic sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) wherein nucleotide at genomic position 14158166 is cytosine. In one embodiment, wild type TMEM43 has the nucleic acid sequence identified by Genbank Accession number NM_(—)024334 (SEQ ID NO:2). In another embodiment wild type TMEM43 has the protein sequence identified by Genbank Accession number NP_(—)077310 protein (SEQ ID NO:3). Protein and polypeptide are used herein interchangeably. Various isoforms of TMEM43 exist.

In addition, the inventors have conducted extensive database analysis using ECGene Model and EMBL-EBI databases. ECGene Model with alternative splicing reports 953 sequences corresponding to TMEM43 that include 1 RefSeq, 12 mRNA, 940 EST sequences. According to ECgene bioinformatic analysis, this gene produces 34 transcript variants encoding 18 distinct proteins for human TMEM43 The transcript variants include Transcript ID's: H3C1779.1, H3C1779.2, H3C1779.3#R, H3C1779.4, H3C1779.5, H3C1779.6, H3C1779.7, H3C1779.8, H3C1779.9, H3C1779.10, H3C1779.11, H3C1779.12, H3C1779.13, H3C1779.14, H3C1779.15, H3C1779.16, H3C1779.17, H3C1779.18, H3C1779.19, H3C1779.20, H3C1779.21, H3C1779.22, H3C1779.23, and H3C1779.24. Searches in EMBL-EBI database reports 6 transcripts. A person skilled in the art will recognize that the TMEM43 disease associated variants are readily detected in any of the above variants and/or in any of the encoded polypeptides.

The Ensembl data base EBI IDs are identified by searching for ENSG00000170876743.

As used herein “TMEM43 disease associated variant” means any TMEM43 molecule, nucleic acid, including an allele, or polypeptide that comprises at least one modification and/or alteration compared to wild-type TMEM43 that is associated with or useful for screening, diagnosing or detecting an increased risk of developing ARVD/C. The modification and/or alteration is optionally a TMEM43 gene mutation, for example a germline mutation. As used herein, a “TMEM43 gene mutation” refers to a nucleotide change (and/or nucleotide changes) in the TMEM43 gene allele or alleles that is/are reflected in nucleic acid and polypeptide gene products that is/are not present in wild-type TMEM43 gene or gene products which are not associated with disease. The gene mutation is in one embodiment inherited e.g. a germline mutation. In another embodiment, the gene mutation is sporadic (eg. a somatic mutation). TMEM43 gene mutations include without limitation, missense mutations, deletion mutations, point mutations, and/or insertion mutations. Accordingly TMEM43 gene mutations include nucleotide polymorphisms such as single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with disease.

In an embodiment, the TMEM43 disease associated variants comprise TMEM43 polypeptide mutated at serine 358, TMEM43 transcripts mutated at cytosine 1073 and/or TMEM43 gene mutated at cytosine at genomic position 14158166, including missense mutations, deletions, and insertions.

In another embodiment, the TMEM43 disease associated variants consist of TMEM43 polypeptide mutated at serine 358, TMEM43 transcripts mutated at cytosine 1073 and/or TMEM43 gene mutated at cytosine at genomic position 14158166, including missense mutations, deletions, and insertions.

In an embodiment, the TMEM43 disease associated variants comprise S358L, 1073 C>T, and/or 14158166 C>T.

In another embodiment, the TMEM43 disease associated variants is selected from S358L, 1073 C>T and 14158166 C>T. In another embodiment, the TMEM43 disease associated variant comprises a S358L mutation. In a further embodiment, the TMEM43 disease associated variant comprises a 1073 C>T mutation. In yet a further embodiment, the TMEM43 disease associated variant comprises a 14158166 C>T mutation.

A person skilled in the art would recognize that the genomic mutation, 14158166 C>T is optionally detected in the opposite DNA strand. A person skilled in the art will understand that primers probes and other reagents can be designed to detect the corresponding mutation in the non-coding allele.

TMEM43 gene mutations are readily detected by analyzing the TMEM43 gene or its gene products. For example nucleic acids and/or polypeptides corresponding to a TMEM43 gene are optionally sequenced and compared to corresponding wild-type sequences. Gene mutations are optionally detected by analyzing genomic sequence.

In the general population, the predominant nucleotide found at genome position 14158166 in subjects without ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C is cytosine (for example, see position 171 in SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:4). The inventors have shown that the nucleotide corresponding to genome position 14158166 is modified in subjects with ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C from cytosine (C) to thymidine (T).

In an embodiment, the TMEM43 disease associated variant is a germline mutation. In an embodiment, the germline mutation comprises 14158166 C>T. In another embodiment, detecting a TMEM43 disease associated variant comprises determining whether there is a germline alteration in the TMEM43 gene and/or TMEM43 gene regulatory sequence. The inventors have further shown that the gene mutation that results in thymidine at the nucleotide corresponding to genome position 14158166 is typically a missense mutation.

A “missense mutation” as used herein refers to a mutation in a nucleotide that changes a codon for one amino acid into a codon for a different amino acid. The TMEM43 disease associated variant comprising this gene mutation is optionally referred to as 14158166C>T and it changes the coded for amino acid from serine to leucine in the TMEM43 polypeptide. Accordingly, in an embodiment the TMEM43 disease associated variant comprises a gene mutation of a nucleotide corresponding to genome position 14158166 (genome build NCBI Build 36.1 (May 2006) accessed online through Genome Browser http://genome.ucsc.edu/). In another embodiment, the gene mutation of the nucleotide corresponding to genome position 14158166 is a missense mutation. In another embodiment, the missense mutation is mutation to thymidine (T) (for example, see position 1073 in SEQ ID NO:4). In yet a further embodiment the TMEM43 disease associated variant is 14158166C>T.

The term “corresponding to” as used herein means situated in a different sequence position but having sequence characteristics in common, including identical, or substantially identical, nucleotide sequence flanking the mutation (eg. substantial identity is optionally at least 75% identity over four or more contiguous nucleotides). For example, “a nucleotide corresponding to genome position 14158166” refers to a nucleotide that is equivalently situated in terms of flanking sequence and relative position number in TMEM43 but that may be identified by a different genome position in another build (eg the related context). Similarly, “corresponding to position 1073 in TMEM43 mRNA” refers to a nucleotide that is equivalently situated in terms of flanking sequence and relative position in TMEM43 but that may be identified by a different nucleotide number in a different transcript. Further “corresponding to” can refer to derived from or related to, for example a nucleic acid corresponding to a gene refers to a nucleic acid derived from the gene such as a transcript and/or an amplified or synthetic copy related to the gene. Similarly, an amino acid sequence corresponding to a nucleic acid refers to an amino acid that is coded for by the nucleic acid.

A person skilled in the art will recognize that mutations at this position such as deletion of one or more nucleotides comprising the nucleotide at position 14158166 will also be associated with ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C. Similarly, it is expected that modification of this nucleotide to guanine or adenosine would also be associated with ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C. Accordingly in an embodiment, the gene mutation comprises a deletion of a nucleotide at genome position 14158166. In another embodiment, the nucleotide detected at genome position 14158166 is guanine or adenine.

Gene mutations are optionally detected by analyzing nucleic acids corresponding to the TMEM43 gene such as RNA transcripts e.g. mRNA or complementary DNA (cDNA). In the general population, the predominant nucleotide found in TMEM43 mRNA at position 1073 in subjects without ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C is cytosine (SEQ ID NO:2). The inventors have shown that the nucleotide found at position 1073 in TMEM43 mRNA (NM_(—)0234334) is modified in subjects with ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C, from cytosine (C) to thymidine (T). The inventors have shown that this mutation is a missense mutation. The TMEM43 disease associated variant comprising this gene mutation is optionally referred to as 1073C>T (nucleotide 1222SEQ ID NO:5). Accordingly, in one embodiment the TMEM43 disease associated variant detected comprises a gene mutation in a nucleotide corresponding to position 1073 in TMEM43 mRNA. Position 10723 in TMEM43 mRNA corresponds to position 1222 of SEQ ID NO:5. In one embodiment the gene mutation is a missense mutation. In another embodiment, the nucleotide detected at position 1222 of SEQ ID NO:5 which corresponds to position 10723 in TMEM43 mRNA is thymidine. In yet a further embodiment, the TMEM43 diseases associated variant is 1073C>T. A person skilled in the art will recognize nucleotide mutations in mRNA can be detected using corresponding cDNA. Further a person skilled in the art will recognize that mutations at this position such as deletion of one or more nucleotides comprising the nucleotide at position 1073 will also be associated with ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C. Similarly, it is expected that modification of this nucleotide to guanine or adenosine would also be associated with ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C. Accordingly in one embodiment, the modification comprises a deletion of nucleotide at position 1073 in TMEM43 mRNA. In another embodiment, the nucleotide detected at 1073 is guanine or adenine.

Gene mutations are optionally detected by analyzing polypeptides corresponding to the TMEM43 gene. The inventors have shown that the amino acid found at position 358 in TMEM43 protein (NP_(—)077310) (SEQ ID NO:3) is modified in subjects with ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C from serine (Ser) to leucine (Leu) (SEQ ID NO:6). The TMEM43 disease associated variant comprising this mutation is optionally referred to as Ser358Leu and or S358L. Accordingly, in an embodiment the TMEM43 disease associated variant detected comprises a modification in the amino acid corresponding to position 358 in TMEM43 polypeptide. In another embodiment, the amino acid detected at position 358 is leucine (SEQ ID NO:6). In yet a further embodiment, the TMEM43 disease associated variant is S358L. A person skilled in the art will recognize that modifications at this position such as deletion of one or more amino acids comprising the amino acid at position 358 will also be associated with ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C. Similarly, it is expected that modification of this amino acid to other branched amino acids would also be associated with ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C. For example, it is shown that a nucleotide change in TMEM43 mRNA at position 1073 results in introduction of leucine (i.e nucleotide change to thymidine) as mentioned above, a stop codon (i.e. nucleotide change to adenine) or tryptophan (i.e. nucleotide change to guanine). A person skilled in the art will understand that additional amino acid changes result from changes in the first (i.e nucleotide 1072) and third (i.e. nucleotide 1074) nucleotides of the codon coding for the amino acid at position 358. Accordingly in one embodiment, the modification comprises a deletion of amino acid at position 358 in TMEM43 polypeptide. In another embodiment, the amino acid detected at a position 358 is tryptophan. In another embodiment the amino acid at 358 is replaced by a stop codon.

Other modifications can include post-translational modifications of serine 358 in TMEM43.

A person skilled in the art will understand that positions of mutations provided are relative to the particular accession numbers and SEQ ID NOS provided. A person skilled in the art would readily be able to determine corresponding position in any TMEM43 isoforms, TMEM43 homologues, TMEM43 sequence fragments or other related sequences.

The terms “risk” and “increased risk” as used herein refer to a subject having a predisposition to developing a disease e.g increased risk compared to the average risk of a population. The predisposition is optionally inherited, or optionally acquired (e.g sporadic mutation). The increased risk is relative to a subject not having a TMEM43 disease associated variant.

The term “sample” and “sample of a subject” as used herein refer to any sample of a subject that comprises nucleic acids or polypeptide and/or includes sequence or sequence data corresponding to TMEM43 gene, RNA or protein sequence. For example, a priori sequenced TMEM43 gene, RNA or protein sequence is optionally used to detect TMEM43 disease associated variants. In one embodiment, the sample comprises blood, whole blood or a fraction thereof. As the inventors have shown that TMEM43 is expressed in white blood cells, in one embodiment the sample is any fluid, cell preparation or tissue comprising white blood cells. In a further embodiment, the sample comprises B-lymphocytes. In another embodiment, the sample comprises cardiac tissue, and/or cardiac cells. In another embodiment, the sample is selected from the group consisting of fresh tissue such as a biopsy, frozen tissue and paraffin embedded tissue. In other embodiments, the sample comprises any nucleated cell from the human body and any cell lines generated to express TMEM43.

The term “subject” as used herein includes all members of the animal kingdom including multicellular organisms, including mammals, and preferably means humans.

As mentioned previously, ARVD/C is difficult to diagnose. The inventors have determined that the methods described herein identify individuals presymptomatically. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the individual is presymptomatic.

ARVD/C is associated with several known loci and cloned genes. The ARVD5 haplotype, which is associated with an autosomal dominant form of ARVD/C, maps to chromosome 3p. As used herein “ARVD5 haplotype” and/or “ARVD5 locus” means the allele or alleles of ARVD5 that are associated with ARVD/C. Given the severity of the ARVD/C, its variable presentation and penetrence, the methods described herein are useful, for example, for screening relatives of individuals known to have ARVD/C and/or known to be carriers of the ARVD5 haplotype.

As used herein, “a relative” or “blood relation” is a relative genetically related, or related by birth, and includes without limitation 1^(st), 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th), 6^(th), 7^(th), 8^(th), 9^(th) and 10^(th) degree relations, for example but not limited to parents, children, grandchildren, grandparents, cousins and/or 2^(nd) cousins related by blood.

Isolated Nucleic Acids and Compositions

TMEM43 disease associated variants are readily detected using isolated nucleic acids and/or compositions comprising isolated nucleic acids or polypeptides that are specific for a TMEM43 disease associated variant.

Accordingly in one aspect, the application provides compositions comprising isolated nucleic acids useful for detecting TMEM43 disease associated variants. Another aspect provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising a TMEM43 gene or transcript disease associated variant.

Another aspect provides a reagent for detecting a TMEM43 disease associated variant, such as an isolated nucleic acid primer or probe. In an embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises:

-   -   a) any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-54, and/or combinations thereof;         and/or     -   b) a nucleic acid molecule with at least 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%         sequence identity to a), characterized in that the nucleic acid         molecule is capable of binding TMEM43 under moderately stringent         conditions. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid with at least         80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% sequence identity to a) binds TMEM43 under         moderately stringent conditions and is capable of priming strand         synthesis. Isolated nucleic acid molecules including for example         SEQ ID NOs: 1-52 are useful as primers to amplify TMEM43. In an         embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid molecule is an amplified         which is produced by amplification of a TMEM43 disease         associated variant containing template. Isolated nucleic acid         molecules including for example SEQ ID NO: 53 and/or 54, are         useful for as probes to detect TMEM43 disease associated         variants.

The term “isolated nucleic acid sequence” and/or “oligonucleotide” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid substantially free of cellular material or culture medium when produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemical precursors, or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. The term “nucleic acid” and/or “oligonucleotide” as used herein refers to a sequence of nucleotide or nucleoside monomers consisting of naturally occurring bases, sugars, and intersugar (backbone) linkages, and is intended to include DNA and RNA which can be either double stranded or single stranded, represent the sense or antisense strand. The term also includes modified or substituted oligomers comprising non-naturally occurring monomers or portions thereof, which function similarly, which are referred to herein as “chemical analogues” and/or “oligonucleotide analogues” such as “peptide nucleic acids”. Such modified or substituted nucleic acids may be preferred over naturally occurring forms because of properties such increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

One aspect of the application provides a composition comprising at least one isolated nucleic acid sequence, wherein the at least one isolated nucleic acid molecule hybridizes to:

-   -   a) a RNA product of TMEM43;     -   b) a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a); and/or     -   c) a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to a);         wherein the composition is used to detect a TMEM43 disease         associated variant. In an embodiment, a) comprises a TMEM43         disease associated variant. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid         complementary to or corresponding a) comprises genomic sequence.

The term “hybridize” refers to the sequence specific non-covalent binding interaction with a complementary nucleic acid. One aspect of the application provides an isolated nucleotide sequence, which hybridizes to a RNA product of TMEM43 or a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to an RNA product of a gene of TMEM43. In one embodiment the hybridization is conducted under at least moderately stringent conditions. In a preferred embodiment, the hybridization is under high stringency conditions. Appropriate stringency conditions which promote hybridization are known to those skilled in the art, or can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1 6.3.6. For example, 6.0× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C. for 15 minutes, followed by a wash of 2.0×SSC at 50° C. for 15 minutes may be employed.

The stringency may be selected based on the conditions used in the wash step. For example, the salt concentration in the wash step can be selected from a high stringency of about 0.2×SSC at 50° C. for 15 minutes. In addition, the temperature in the wash step can be at high stringency conditions, at about 65° C. for 15 minutes.

By “at least moderately stringent hybridization conditions” it is meant that conditions are selected which promote selective hybridization between two complementary nucleic acid molecules in solution. Hybridization may occur to all or a portion of a nucleic acid sequence molecule. The hybridizing portion is typically at least 15 (e.g. 20, 25, 30, 40 or 50) nucleotides in length. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the stability of a nucleic acid duplex, or hybrids, is determined by the Tm, which in sodium containing buffers is a function of the sodium ion concentration and temperature (Tm=81.5° C.−16.6 (Log 10 [Na+])+0.41(%(G+C)−600/l), or similar equation). Accordingly, the parameters in the wash conditions that determine hybrid stability are sodium ion concentration and temperature. In order to identify molecules that are similar, but not identical, to a known nucleic acid molecule a 1% mismatch may be assumed to result in about a 1° C. decrease in Tm, for example if nucleic acid molecules are sought that have a >95% sequence identity, the final wash temperature will be reduced by about 5° C. Based on these considerations those skilled in the art will be able to readily select appropriate hybridization conditions. In preferred embodiments, stringent hybridization conditions are selected. By way of example the following conditions may be employed to achieve stringent hybridization: hybridization at 5× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC)/5×Denhardt's solution/1.0% SDS at Tm−5° C. based on the above equation, followed by a wash of 0.2×SSC/0.1% SDS at 60° C. for 15 minutes. Moderately stringent hybridization conditions include a washing step in 3×SSC at 42° C. for 15 minutes. It is understood, however, that equivalent stringencies may be achieved using alternative buffers, salts and temperatures. Additional guidance regarding hybridization conditions may be found in: Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1989, 6.3.1-6.3.6 and in: Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2000, Third Edition.

The term “sequence identity” as used herein refers to the percentage of sequence identity between two polypeptide sequences or two nucleic acid sequences. To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the sequence of a first amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment with a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence). The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % identity=number of identical overlapping positions/total number of positions.times.100%). In one embodiment, the two sequences are the same length. The determination of percent identity between two sequences can also be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. A preferred, non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of two sequences is the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul, 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:2264-2268, modified as in Karlin and Altschul, 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:5873-5877. Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs of Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215:403. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLAST nucleotide program parameters set, e.g., for score=100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to a nucleic acid molecules of the present application. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program parameters set, e.g., to score-50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to a protein molecule described herein. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402. Alternatively, PSI-BLAST can be used to perform an iterated search which detects distant relationships between molecules (Id.). When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, and PSI-Blast programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., of XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used (see, e.g., the NCBI website). The percent identity between two sequences can be determined using techniques similar to those described above, with or without allowing gaps. In calculating percent identity, typically only exact matches are counted. In an embodiment, the isolated nucleic acids are useful as primers.

The term “primer” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid sequence, whether occurring naturally as in a purified restriction digest or produced synthetically, which is capable of acting as a point of synthesis when placed under conditions in which synthesis of a primer extension product, which is complementary to a nucleic acid strand is induced (e.g. in the presence of nucleotides and an inducing agent such as DNA polymerase and at a suitable temperature and pH). The primer must be sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of the desired extension product in the presence of the inducing agent. The exact length of the primer will depend upon factors, including temperature, sequences of the primer and the methods used. A primer typically contains 15-25 or more nucleotides, although it can contain less. The factors involved in determining the appropriate length of primer are readily known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The inventors designed a number of primers useful for detecting whether TMEM43 gene changes. These primers were custom designed with the assistance of Primer3 primer design program.

TABLE A TMEM43 primers Primer Name Primer Sequence cDNA primers designed to cover the whole translated region NM_024334cDNA-Ex1-4-F GTCAGCCCACTTCCTAGCTG SEQ ID NO: 15 NM_024334cDNA-Ex1-4-R CCTCGTCTCCTTCTTCACCT SEQ ID NO: 16 NM_024334-cDNA-Ex4-9-F AGAATGAAGGAAGGCTGGTG SEQ ID NO: 17 NM_024334-cDNA-Ex4-9-R TGGTGGAGAATGGGACTAGC SEQ ID NO: 18 NM_024334-cDNA-Ex4-12-F CGCCGTGGAGACTTTTTCTA SEQ ID NO: 19 NM_024334-cDNA-Ex9-12-R ACCTGGATCCTAGGGCTCAC SEQ ID NO: 20 NM_024334-cDNA-Ex1-10-F GTCAGCCCACTTCCTAGCTG SEQ ID NO: 21 NM_024334-cDNA-Ex1-10-R CCCAGGTCTTCATGGAGTTG SEQ ID NO: 22 NM_024334-cDNA-Ex5-12-F ATCTTCCGGCTGTGAAACTG SEQ ID NO: 23 NM_024334-cDNA-Ex5-12-R AGAGGGAGTGCAGAGTCCAA SEQ ID NO: 24 Genomic DNA primers designed to cover the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions all exons, intron exon boundaries and some flanking intronic sequence. NM_024334-Ex1-F CAATGTCCCGGACCGTATAG SEQ ID NO: 25 NM_024334-Ex1-R GGCGAAATGGACCTAGAGGA SEQ ID NO: 26 NM_024334-Ex2-F AGTTTTCATTCTGTTACTGTTTCTTTT SEQ ID NO: 27 NM_024334-Ex2-R GGCCCTTGATTACCAAATCC SEQ ID NO: 28 NM_024334-Ex3-F AACTGTACGGTGGGGAGATG SEQ ID NO: 29 NM_024334-Ex3-R ATCACTCCCATGTGTGACCA SEQ ID NO: 30 NM_024334-Ex4-F AAGAACCTGGGACAGGGAGT SEQ ID NO: 31 NM_024334-Ex4-R CTCCTGGAGCCACTCTTCAC SEQ ID NO: 32 NM_024334-Ex5&6-F TGATCTGGTAGCCCTGAGGT SEQ ID NO: 33 NM_024334-Ex5&6-R CACGAGGCAGGATTAACTCAA SEQ ID NO: 34 NM_024334-Ex7-F CCTGGGCTAATCTGGACTTG SEQ ID NO: 35 NM_024334-Ex7-R CTGATCCTGTGCCTTTAGCC SEQ ID NO: 36 NM_024334-Ex8&9-F CGTGGACGAGACAGAGTCAG SEQ ID NO: 37 NM_024334-Ex8&9-R CGCTCCTGACATTGACCAAG SEQ ID NO: 38 NM_024334-Ex10-F GGGTTTCTGTGCTCACTTCC SEQ ID NO: 39 NM_024334-Ex10-R TGCCTCATTCACTGGCTATG SEQ ID NO: 40 NM_024334-Ex11-F TGTTCAGAAATGGCCAACAG SEQ ID NO: 41 NM_024334-Ex11-R CTCATCCCAAGGCTATGGAG SEQ ID NO: 42 NM_024334-Ex12a-F CCCATCCTCATCTAGGGACA SEQ ID NO: 43 NM_024334-Ex12a-R GGAAACAGCAGGAGAAGCTG SEQ ID NO: 44 NM_024334-Ex12b-F TGGTGTTCACCAGCTCATGT SEQ ID NO: 45 NM_024334-Ex12b-R TTCCTCTTGGGGTAGGAAAG SEQ ID NO: 46 NM_024334-Ex12c-F TCCTGAGGAGAAAAGCTGGA SEQ ID NO: 47 NM_024334-Ex12c-R CGTGGGCATTGTACAACCAG SEQ ID NO: 48 NM_024334-Ex12d-F CGATTAAGAGAAAAGGTTGGAA SEQ ID NO: 49 NM_024334-Ex12d-R GAGATTTGATGAAATTGCTCATGTA SEQ ID NO: 50 NM_024334-Ex12e-F TTGTGCCTGCTGGGAGTAAT SEQ ID NO: 51 NM_024334-Ex12e-R ATCCTATGGCTGAATTCTTTACA SEQ ID NO: 52

In another aspect, the application describes probes that are useful for detecting a TMEM43 disease associated variant. Where the variation is only a single nucleotide change, for example 1073C>T shorter probes used at high stringency are useful. For example, oligonucleotide probes having a sequence length ranging from 16 to 20 nucleotides, comprising, within the sequence, for example, at the centre, a nucleotide specific for the alleleic variants of the gene coding for a TMEM43 disease associated variant, wherein the oligonucleotide probes hybridizes with the TMEM43 disease associated variant. In an embodiment the probe comprise ctgtgtggccacctTgctga (SEQ ID NO:53) to detect the disease variation. The normal variation is one embodiment detected using a probe comprising ctgtgtggccacctCgctga (SEQ ID NO:54)

A person skilled in the art will recognize that all or part of the above probes can be used.

The term “probe” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid sequence that will hybridize to a nucleic acid target sequence. In one example, the probe hybridizes to an RNA TMEM43 disease associated variant or a nucleic acid sequence complementary to the RNA TMEM43 disease associated variant. The length of probe depends on the hybridize conditions and the sequences of the probe and nucleic acid target sequence. In one embodiment, the probe is at least 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 400, 500 or more nucleotides in length.

In certain embodiments the isolated nucleic acid comprises a detectable label, such as a fluorescent or radioactive label.

Detection Methods for the Presence of a TMEM43 Mutation

The presence of a TMEM43 disease associated variant are readily detected using methods that detect a gene mutation in a TMEM43 disease associated variant gene, RNA gene product, such as TMEM43 transcripts, and/or polypeptide gene product.

Detecting Nucleic Acid TMEM43 Disease Associated Variants

A person skilled in the art will appreciate that a number of methods are useful for detect the presence of a TMEM43 disease associated variant in a TMEM43 nucleic acid.

For example a variety of techniques are known in the art for detecting a gene mutation or alteration within a sample, including genotyping, microarrays, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, Southern Blots, SSCP, dHPLC, single nucleotide primer extension, allele-specific hybridization, allele-specific primer extension, oligonucleotide ligation assay, and invasive signal amplification, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and Fluorescence polarization (FP). Such methods optionally employ the isolated nucleic acid compositions of the disclosure. The TMEM43 disease associated variants, such as germline alterations, are readily detected by TMEM43 gene analysis. For example, this can be accomplished by gene amplification analysis such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of TMEM43 or a part thereof, optionally followed by sequencing, and comparing the TMEM43 amplification profile or sequence to a wild-type TMEM43 amplification profile or wild-type TMEM43 sequence. In an embodiment, one or more TMEM43 exons are amplified by PCR, and analyzed for gene mutations, for example by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). In an embodiment, one or more TMEM43 exons are sequenced and analyzed for gene mutations, for example by comparing the sequence obtained from a sample of a subject, to wild-type TMEM43 sequence. The full exon or a part thereof, for example a part know to be associated with disease, for example a part comprising a nucleotide corresponding to the nucleotide shown at genome position 14158166, is optionally PCR amplified and/or sequenced. Detecting “T” at 14158166 is indicative of having ARVD/C or an increased risk of developing ARVD/C. In another embodiment, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 exons, or parts thereof, are PCR amplified and/or sequenced and the PCR profile and/or sequence analyzed for gene mutations. Accordingly, the presence of a TMEM43 gene mutation is detected in one embodiment by sequencing. Methods of sequencing are well known in the art. In one method, primers flanking a TMEM43 mutation are selected, for example primers which amplify exon 12 either in genomic sequence and/or corresponding transcripts, and used to amplify the gene region comprising a TMEM43 mutation. The amplified region is sequenced and analysed. In another embodiment the TMEM43 mutation comprises a thymidine corresponding to position 14158166 of genome build 36.1. In an embodiment the primers used to detect the mutation 14158166C>T or 1073 C>T mutation comprise:

Primer Name Primer Sequence NM_024334-Ex12a-F CCCATCCTCATCTAGG (SEQ ID GACA NO: 43) NM_024334-Ex12a-R GGAAACAGCAGGAGAA (SEQ ID GCTG NO: 44)

Gene mutations can be detected by detecting the presence of the mutation in the gene or in a corresponding transcribed sequence. A variety of techniques are known in the art that are suitable for detecting mutations in the gene or in a corresponding transcribed sequence.

For example, primers which span one or more exons that comprise the putative location of a TMEM43 disease associated variant, are useful to detect TMEM43 disease associated variants. In an embodiment, a composition comprising SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO:20 is used to detect mutations at 1073, such as 1073C>T. In another embodiment, a composition comprising SEQ ID NO:23 and SEQ ID NO:24 is used to detect mutations at 1073. A person skilled in the art readily designs and uses suitable additional primers based on the sequences provided herein.

In another embodiment, TMEM43 disease associated variants are readily detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real time PCR, multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA), nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) and/or real time NASBA. As used herein “NASBA” refers to a sensitive isothermal transcription-based amplification method used for example for RNA research. NASBA technology is optionally applied to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis using human genomic DNA as a template. For example combination of DNA NASBA with multiplex hybridization of specific molecular beacons makes it possible to discriminate the presence of mutations of interest (Berard, C, Cazalis M A, Leissner P, Mougin B., DNA nucleic acid sequence-based amplification-based genotyping for polymorphism analysis. Biotechniques. 2004, 37:680-2, 684, 686).

In another embodiment, the method of detecting the presence of a TMEM43 disease associated variant comprises a probe that specifically hybridizes a TMEM43 disease associated variant. The probe optionally hybridizes to an mRNA sequence, corresponding complementary DNA or copy DNA (cDNA) or a genomic sequence. The probe can hybridize a TMEM43 mutation directly or an amplified product comprising the TMEM43 gene mutation. In another embodiment the probe binds upstream or downstream of a TMEM43 gene mutation. For example, in one embodiment an amplified region comprising a TMEM43 gene mutation is hybridized using a composition comprising a probe specific for the TMEM43 gene mutation (e.g. “T”) under stringent hybridization conditions. In an embodiment the probe comprises all or part (e.g. 10-19 nucleotides, or any number in between) of ctgtgtggccacctTgctga (SEQ ID NO:53) to detect the disease variation. The normal variation is in an embodiment detected using a probe comprising all or part (e.g. 10-19 nucleotides, or any number in between) of ctgtgtggccacctCgctga (SEQ ID NO:54). A person skilled in the art would recognize that a probe that hybridizes to a sequence in the non-coding (and/or corresponding sequence such as cDNA) comprising the TMEM43 disease associated variant is also useful with the methods, compositions and kits described herein.

In one embodiment, PCR or RT-PCR is employed to detect the presence of a TMEM 43 mutation. For example, PCR and RT-PCR and primers flanking the mutation are employed to amplify TMEM43 gene sequence and transcript sequence respectively in a sample comprising DNA (for PCR) or RNA (for RT-PCR). The amplified products are optionally sequenced to determine if a TMEM43 disease associated variant is present in the sample.

In another embodiment, the method of detecting the presence of a TMEM43 mutation comprises use of a restriction enzyme. For example amplified products can be digested with a restriction enzyme that specifically recognizes sequence comprising a TMEM43 disease associated variant but does not recognize sequence corresponding to the wild-type or non-disease associated TMEM43.

ARVD/C is an inheritable disease. Where a genetically related family member has been determined to have a TMEM43 disease associated variant, the genetic relation is readily screened specifically for mutations at cytosine 1073 of a TMEM43 transcript, and/or cytosine 14158166 of a TMEM43 genome. For example the genetic relation is optionally screened for 1073C>T and/or 14158166 C>T. Accordingly, in an embodiment, the subject has a genetic relation having a TMEM43 disease associated variant, such as mutation at 1073 of a TMEM43 transcript, mutation at 14158166 of TMEM43 genomic sequence, such as 1073C>T and 14158166C>T. In an embodiment primers flanking TMEM43 1073, and/or flanking TMEM43 14158166, for example, which hybridize within 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 nucleotides upstream and within 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 nucleotides downstream, are used to detect mutations at TMEM43 1073 or TMEM43 14158166.

A TMEM43 disease associated variant can also be detected using a DNA microarray.

Detecting Polypeptide TMEM43 Disease Associated Variants

A person skilled in the art will recognize that there are several methods known in the art for detecting a polypeptide TMEM43 disease associated variant.

A polypeptide TMEM43 disease associated variant is optionally detected using a binding agent that specifically binds a TMEM43 disease associated variant polypeptide gene products and not wild type TMEM43 polypeptide gene products. In one embodiment, the binding agent is an isolated polypeptide.

The term “isolated polypeptide” as used herein refers to a proteinaceous agent, such as a peptide, polypeptide or protein, which is substantially free of cellular material or culture medium when produced recombinantly, or chemical precursors, or other chemicals, when chemically synthesized.

The phrase “bind to polypeptide products” as used herein refers to binding agents such as isolated polypeptides that specifically bind to TMEM43 disease associated variants described in the application. In an embodiment, isolated polypeptides are antibodies or antibody fragments.

The term “antibody” as used herein is intended to include monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, and chimeric antibodies. The antibody may be from recombinant sources and/or produced in transgenic animals. The term “antibody fragment” as used herein is intended to include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, scFv, dsFv, ds-scFv, dimers, minibodies, diabodies, and multimers thereof and bispecific antibody fragments. Antibodies can be fragmented using conventional techniques. For example, F(ab′)₂ fragments can be generated by treating the antibody with pepsin. The resulting F(ab′)₂ fragment can be treated to reduce disulfide bridges to produce Fab′ fragments. Papain digestion can lead to the formation of Fab fragments. Fab, Fab′ and F(ab′)₂, scFv, dsFv, ds-scFv, dimers, minibodies, diabodies, bispecific antibody fragments and other fragments can also be synthesized by recombinant techniques.

To produce human monoclonal antibodies, antibody producing cells (lymphocytes) can be harvested from a human having cancer and fused with myeloma cells by standard somatic cell fusion procedures thus immortalizing these cells and yielding hybridoma cells. Such techniques are well known in the art, (e.g. the hybridoma technique originally developed by Kohler and Milstein (Nature 256:495-497 (1975)) as well as other techniques such as the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., Immunol. Today 4:72 (1983)), the EBV-hybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (Cole et al., Methods Enzymol, 121:140-67 (1986)), and screening of combinatorial antibody libraries (Huse et al., Science 246:1275 (1989)). Hybridoma cells can be screened immunochemically for production of antibodies specifically reactive with TMEM43 disease associated variants and the monoclonal antibodies can be isolated.

Specific antibodies, or antibody fragments, reactive against particular TMEM43 disease associated antigens, may also be generated by screening expression libraries encoding immunoglobulin genes, or portions thereof, expressed in bacteria with cell surface components. For example, complete Fab fragments, VH regions and FV regions can be expressed in bacteria using phage expression libraries (See for example Ward et al., Nature 341:544-546 (1989); Huse et al., Science 246:1275-1281 (1989); and McCafferty et al., Nature 348:552-554 (1990)).

In one embodiment isolated polypeptides, antibodies or antibody fragments are used to detect a TMEM43 disease associated variant. In one embodiment the isolated polypeptides, antibodies or antibody fragments are labeled with a detectable marker.

The label is preferably capable of producing, either directly or indirectly, a detectable signal. For example, the label may be radio-opaque or a radioisotope, such as ³H, ¹³C, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹²³I, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I; a fluorescent (fluorophore) or chemiluminescent (chromophore) compound, such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine or luciferin; an enzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase or horseradish peroxidase; an imaging agent; or a metal ion.

In another embodiment, the detectable signal is detectable indirectly. For example, a secondary antibody that is specific for the isolated protein described in the application and contains a detectable label is useful to detect the isolated polypeptide described in the application.

A person skilled in the art will appreciate that a number of methods can be used to detect a polypeptide TMEM43 disease associated variant, including immunoassays such as Western blots, ELISA, and immunoprecipitation followed by SDS-PAGE, as well as immunocytochemistry or immunohistochemistry.

The application also contemplates the use of “peptide mimetics” for detecting polypeptide TMEM43 gene products. Peptide mimetics are structures which serve as substitutes for peptides in interactions between molecules (See Morgan et al (1989), Ann. Reports Med. Chem. 24:243-252 for a review). Peptide mimetics include synthetic structures which may or may not contain amino acids and/or peptide bonds but retain the structural and functional features of the isolated proteins described in the application, such as its ability to bind to the polypeptide product of a TMEM43 disease associated variant described in the application. Peptide mimetics also include peptoids, oligopeptoids (Simon et al (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci USA 89:9367); and peptide libraries containing peptides of a designed length representing all possible sequences of amino acids corresponding to the cleavage recognition sequence described in the application.

Peptide mimetics may be designed based on information obtained by systematic replacement of L-amino acids by D-amino acids, replacement of side chains with groups having different electronic properties, and by systematic replacement of peptide bonds with amide bond replacements. Local conformational constraints can also be introduced to determine conformational requirements for activity of a candidate peptide mimetic. The mimetics may include isosteric amide bonds, or D-amino acids to stabilize or promote reverse turn conformations and to help stabilize the molecule. Cyclic amino acid analogues may be used to constrain amino acid residues to particular conformational states. The mimetics can also include mimics of inhibitor peptide secondary structures. These structures can model the 3-dimensional orientation of amino acid residues into the known secondary conformations of proteins. Peptoids may also be used which are oligomers of N-substituted amino acids and can be used as motifs for the generation of chemically diverse libraries of novel molecules.

ARVD/C is an inheritable disease. Where a genetically related family member has been determined to have a TMEM43 disease associated variant, the genetic relation is readily screened specifically for mutations at serine 358 of a TMEM43 polypeptide. Accordingly in an embodiment, the subject has a genetic relation comprising a TMEM43 disease associated variant, such as mutation at serine 358, such as S358L.

In an embodiment the binding agents are fixed to a solid support. In a further embodiment the solid support is an ELISA plate.

Polypeptide TMEM43 disease associated variants can also be detected using tissue arrays.

Microarrays

As mentioned, the presence of a TMEM43 disease associated variant can optionally be detected using arrays including DNA microarrays and tissue microarrays. A “microarray” as used herein refers to an ordered set of probes fixed to a solid surface that permits analysis such as gene analysis of a plurality of genes. A DNA microarray refers to an ordered set of DNA fragments fixed to the solid surface. For example, in one embodiment the microarray is a gene chip. A tissue microarray refers to an ordered set of tissue specimens fixed to a solid surface. For example, in one embodiment the tissue microarray comprises a slide comprising an array of arrayed tumor biopsy samples in paraffin. Tissue microarray technology optionally allows multiple specimens, such as biopsy samples, to be analysed in a single analysis at the DNA, RNA or protein level. Tissue microarrays are analysed by a number of techniques including immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, in situ PCR, RNA or DNA expression analysis and and/or morphological and clinical characterization or a combination of techniques. The specimens are optionally from the same subject or from a plurality of subjects. Methods of detecting gene expression using arrays are well known in the art. Such methods are optionally automated. In one embodiment, a sample of an ARVC/D subject is analyzed using a tissue microarray.

Kits

Another aspect of the disclosure is a kit for screening for, diagnosing the presence of, or detecting a risk of developing, ARVD/C. In one embodiment the kits comprise, one or more isolated nucleic acid molecules and/or compositions described herein and instructions for use.

In an embodiment the kit comprises an isolated nucleic acid molecule or composition that specifically hybridizes to a TMEM43 disease associated variant, e.g. a probe. In an embodiment the nucleic acid molecule comprises SEQ ID NO:53. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a detectable label such as a fluorescent molecule. In a further embodiment, the kit comprises an isolated nucleic acid molecule useful as a primer. In an embodiment, the primer is selected from all or part of (e.g. at least 10 or 15 nucleotides, or any number in between) of SEQ ID NO: 1-52. In another embodiment the kit comprises at least two nucleic acids wherein one hybridizes to a wildtype or non-disease associated TMEM43 containing molecule, for example SEQ ID NO:54 and the other hybridizes to a TMEM43 disease associated variant containing molecule, for example SEQ ID NO:53. In another embodiment the at least two isolated nucleic acids are primers for amplifying a sequence comprising a TMEM43 disease associated variant. In an embodiment, the at least two isolated nucleic acid molecules comprise two or more of all or part of SEQ ID NOs: 1-52. In a further embodiment, the at least two nucleic acid molecules comprise all or part of a primer pair listed in Table A. In a further embodiment, the primers are selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NOS: 43-44.

As used herein “all or part of” of a probe or primer refers to the portion sufficient for in the case a probe, sufficient to specifically hybridize to the intended target and in the case of a primer, sufficient to prime amplification of the intended template.

In other embodiments the kit comprises a binding agent such as an antibody that specifically binds a TMEM43 disease associated variant polypeptide and instructions for use. In a further embodiment the kit comprises an isolated antibody specific for an epitope present in a TMEM43 disease associated variant that is not present in a non-disease associated or wild-type TMEM43.

In certain embodiments, the kit is a diagnostic kit for medical use. In other embodiments, the kit is a diagnostic kit for laboratory use.

In another aspect the disclosure provides a commercial package comprising an isolated nucleic acid or composition described herein and instructions for use.

Assay for Identifying Additional TMEM43 Disease Associated Variants

Other TMEM43 disease associated variants are identified by screening other populations for TMEM43 mutations that are infrequently or not present in non-diseased subjects, e.g. normal population without ARVD/C. For example the primers in Table A are useful to screen individuals known to have ARVD/C. Sequence comparison between subjects known to have ARVD/C and subjects known not have ARVD/C readily identify additional mutations. For example, a pedigree is typically established as described in Example 1.

Accordingly, in an embodiment, the disclosure provides a method for identifying TMEM43 disease associated variants comprising determining whether there is a germline alteration in the sequence of TMEM43 gene or a TMEM43 gene regulatory sequence in a sample of a subject, wherein the subject has or is suspected of having ARVD/C. In an embodiment, the sequences of the TMEM43 gene or TMEM43 gene regulatory sequence in the sample is compared with the sequence of one or more wild type TMEM43 gene sequences, for example as in SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, determining the germline mutation comprises determining the sequence of a TMEM43 gene transcript. In another embodiment, the sequence of the TMEM43 gene transcript is compared with the sequence of one or more wild type TMEM43 gene transcript sequences, such as in SEQ ID NO:2, and/or a transcript described herein. In an embodiment, the disclosure provides a method for identifying TMEM43 disease associated variants comprising amplifying a TMEM43, gene or transcript or part thereof from a sample of a subject, comparing the amplified region to a control population, wherein a mutation that is detected in the sample and is rare or undetected in the control population is a TMEM43 disease associated variant. In an embodiment, one or more of the nucleic acids of Table A are used to amplify a TMEM43 gene or transcript or part thereof. In another embodiment, the part thereof comprises or corresponds to an exon and/or exon/intron boundary. In another embodiment, the part thereof comprises intronic TMEM43 sequence.

The TMEM43 mutation is optionally a deletion mutation, a missense mutation, a point mutation, and/or a mutation that affects TMEM43 expression levels.

In an embodiment, the method for identifying TMEM43 disease associated variants comprises detecting the level and/or sequence of an expression product of TMEM43 in the sample.

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a method for identifying a TMEM43 disease associated variant comprising determining whether there is an amino acid alteration in the TMEM43 polypeptide in the sample compared to the sequence of wild type TMEM43 polypeptide, for example SEQ ID NO:3.

Combination Testing

A person skilled in the art will recognize that the methods, isolated nucleic acids, compositions, and kits are optionally combined with methods, isolated nucleic acids, compositions and kits useful for detecting other forms of ARVD/C.

Screening Assay for Identifying Substances Useful for Treating ARVD/C

The application also includes screening assays for detecting substances that target or bind TMEM43. The application also includes screening assays for detecting substances that target or bind a TMEM43 disease associated variant, which are useful to treat ARVD/C. These assays may be in in vitro or in vivo format. In a suitable embodiment the application provides a cell based assay for evaluating whether a candidate compound is capable of binding a TMEM43 disease associated variant.

Accordingly, the application provides a method of identifying substances which bind a TMEM43 disease associated variant comprising:

a) contacting a TMEM43 disease associated variant with a test substance, under conditions which allow for formation of a complex between the TMEM43 disease associated variant and the test substance, and

b) detecting for complexes between TMEM43 disease associated variant and the test substance, wherein the presence of complexes indicates that the test substance binds the TMEM43 disease associated variant.

Detecting is optionally done by chemically detecting complexes, free test substance or non-complexed TMEM43 disease associated variant. In one embodiment, the TMEM43 disease associated variant contacted with a test substance is a polypeptide. Test substance-protein complexes, free test substance or non-complexed TMEM43 disease associated variant polypeptides may be isolated by conventional isolation techniques, for example, salting out, chromatography, electrophoresis, gel filtration, fractionation, absorption, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, agglutination, or combinations thereof. To facilitate the assay of the components, antibody against a TMEM43 disease associated variant or the test substance, or a labelled TMEM43 disease associated variant, or a labelled test substance may be utilized. The antibodies, proteins, or substances may be labelled with a detectable substance as described elsewhere.

Binding to a TMEM43 disease associated variant is optionally assessed using a TMEM43 disease associated variant or test substance that is insolubilized. For example, TMEM43 disease associated variant or a test substance may be bound to a suitable carrier. Examples of suitable carriers are agarose, cellulose, dextran, Sephadex, Sepharose, carboxymethyl cellulose polystyrene, filter paper, ion-exchange resin, plastic film, plastic tube, glass beads, polyamine-methyl vinyl-ether-maleic acid copolymer, amino acid copolymer, ethylene-maleic acid copolymer, nylon, silk, etc. The carrier may be in the shape of, for example, a tube, test plate, beads, disc, sphere etc. The proteins or substance may also be expressed on the surface of a cell.

The insolubilized protein or substance may be prepared by reacting the material with a suitable insoluble carrier using known chemical or physical methods, for example, cyanogen bromide coupling.

Another aspect involves use of animal ARVD/C models and TMEM43 disease associated variant transgenic mice and Drosophila melanogaster for identifying and testing compound that target or bind TMEM43 disease associated variants. Nucleic acids, polypeptides or small organic molecules are optionally tested in these assays. The application includes all compounds that are identified with the screening methods of the application and which are suitable for administration to subjects in pharmaceutical compositions.

Treatment

The inventors have previously reported that implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy increases survival in autosomal dominant arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomopathy (including ARVD/C associated with ARVD5). Accordingly an aspect provides a method of identifying subjects that would benefit from ICD therapy comprising detecting a TMEM43 disease associated variant in a subject according to a method described herein, wherein the presence of the TMEM43 disease associated variant identifies that the subject would benefit from ICD therapy.

The disclosure also provides a method of treatment for subjects with ARVD/C and/or a risk of developing ARVD/C comprising:

-   -   a) detecting a TMEM43 disease associated variant in a subject         according to a method described herein;     -   b) providing ICD therapy for the subject having the TMEM43         disease associated variant.

In a further embodiment, the disclosure provides use of ICD therapy for a subject comprising a TMEM43 disease associated variant, detected according to a method described herein. ARVD/C patients are typically treated with drugs that are part of a group of antiarrhythmic agents. These drugs are outlined below. In this population these drugs may also be used in conjunction with an ICD. In this case, the ICD is used to prevent sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation, while the antiarrhythmic agents are use to suppress ventricular tachyarrhythmia's so that the ICD doesn't shock the patient as often

There are five main classes in the Vaughan Williams classification which was introduced in 1970 and classifies a drug bases on the primary mechanism of its antiarryhythmic effect: a problem when many agents have multiple action mechanisms.

-   -   Class I agents—interfere with the sodium (Na+) channel         -   Class Ia—includes quinidin, procainamide and disopyramide         -   Class Ib—includes lidocaine, mexiletine, tocainide and             phenytoin         -   Class Ic—includes encainide, flacainide, moricizine and             propafenone     -   Class II agents—act by selectively blocking the effects of         catecholamines at the β₁-adrenergic receptors. All agents in         this class are beta blockers and include esmolol, propranolol         and metoprolol, where metoprolol is most commonly prescribed for         ARVC.     -   Class III agents predominantly block the potassium channels and         prolong repolarization. These are generally prescribed for the         treatment of refactory VT or VF or treatment of atrial or         ventricular tachyarrhythmias and AV re-entrant arrhythmias. This         class includes amiodarone, azimilide, bretylium, clofilium,         dofetilide, tedisamil, ibutilide, sematilide and sotalol, where         amiodarone and sotalol are the most commonly prescribed for         ARVC.     -   Class IV agents affect the AV node as they are slow calcium         channel blockers and include verapamil and diltiazem.     -   Class V agents work by other or unknown mechanisms and include         digoxin (increase vagal activity via its action on the central         nervous system, thus decreasing the conduction of electrical         impulses throughout the AV node) and adenosine.

A “treatment” or “prevention” regime of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of an agent, such as the drugs described herein may consist of a single administration, or alternatively comprise a series of applications. For example, the agent may be administered at least once a week. However, in another embodiment, the agent may be administered to the subject from about one time per week to about once daily for a given treatment. The length of the treatment period depends on a variety of factors, such as the severity of the disease, the age of the patient, the concentration and the activity of the agent, or a combination thereof. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of the agent used for the treatment or prophylaxis may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment or prophylaxis regime. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent by standard diagnostic assays known in the art. In some instances, chronic administration may be required.

It is to be understood that, as used herein “a”, “an” and/or “the’ includes one and/or more than one.

The following non-limiting examples are illustrative of the present disclosure:

EXAMPLES Example 1

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) in its most severe presentation, causes sudden cardiac death. To date, there are 11 known loci and seven cloned genes. The ARVD5 locus was mapped to chromosome 3p in an extended Newfoundland family (AR1) in 1998. Subsequently, the inventors ascertained several other Newfoundland families that shared the ARVD5 haplotype with family AR1, and determined that improved survival occurred in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

The inventors identified 15 ARVC families that shared the ARVD5 ancestral haplotype and used extensive genotyping and haplotype analyses to reduce the ARVD5 critical region on chromosome 3p. Twenty ARVD5 candidate genes were screened for mutations by direct sequencing. Once identified ARVD5 was identified, both retrospective and prospective clinical data from the past two decades was used to compare clinical outcomes in 257 affected versus 151 unaffected subjects.

Key recombinations to the ARVD5 haplotype reduced the minimal critical region from 9.98 Mb to 2.36 Mb (between markers D3S3610-D3S3613). Direct sequencing of 20 ARVD5 candidate genes revealed 240 variants. One of these, a missense mutation leading to an amino acid substitution in a highly conserved region of the novel protein TMEM43, was found exclusively in all patients across the 15 families, including key recombinants, and in no population controls. Affected and unaffected male and female subjects showed significant differences on first clinical testing for the presence of ectopy (multiple premature ventricular contractions and ventricular tachycardia), poor R wave progression, left ventricular enlargement and systolic dysfunction. A clear sex influence existed with males manifesting earlier clinical sequalea than females including arrhythmia (RR 5.5: 95% CI 1.7-16.8), heart failure (RR 3.4, 95% CI 1.4-8.6) and death (RR 6.8, 95% CI 1.3-10.9). Heart failure occurred in affected males at a later median age (63 years) than death (41 years) indicating that survivors of potentially lethal arrhythmias may develop heart failure.

ARVC at locus ARVD5 is caused by the substitution of a serine to a leucine in a highly conserved region of TMEM43. This founder mutation in the Newfoundland genetic isolate frequently leads to early death due to arrhythmias and heart failure particularly in males. As clinical diagnosis of ARVC is difficult, at-risk families can now be screened for TMEM43 through genetic mutation analysis. The mutation has been traced back for nine generations in some of the ARVC families. Accordingly the mutation likely predates the settling of Newfoundland and would be expected to be present in other populations. Methods Study Population

Over the past nine years, approximately 150 families have been referred to either the Newfoundland Labrador provincial genetics program or the Newfoundland Labrador cardiomyopathy genetics clinic because of sudden cardiac death and a family history of cardiomyopathy. Fifteen of these families were determined to have an autosomal dominant form of ARVC based on established criteria¹, a shared haplotype on chromosome 3p and deep genealogies (up to eight generations) (FIG. 1). Informed consent and blood samples were obtained from each subject in compliance with the Human Investigation Committee requirements of the Eastern Health Corporation of St. John's, Newfoundland (study number 00-176). A total of 425 genomic DNA samples were collected from subjects born at a priori 50% risk (obligate carriers and first degree relatives of affected subjects) and those born at less than a priori 50% risk (second and third degree relatives and spouses, a priori 25%, 12.5% and 0%, respectively). Subjects born at a priori 50% risk were further subdivided into three groups based on their affection status (primary, secondary and clinically unaffected) for the molecular arm of the study (FIG. 2).

Refine Mapping of the ARVD5 Locus

A previous study that included a genomewide linkage analysis of Family AR1 (FIG. 1) mapped a novel locus for ARVC to 3p23 and excluded other loci that had been identified for ARVC (14q23; ARVD1, 1q42; ARVD2, 14q12; ARVD3 and 2q32; ARVD4). Fine mapping with microsatellite markers defined a 9.3 cM (9.98 Mb) region between markers D353610-D3S3659.⁸ To further refine the critical region and identify the ARVD5 gene the inventors recruited extended members of family AR1 and 14 additional ARVC families from the Newfoundland population (FIG. 1). Extensive haplotyping using 18 polymorphic microsatellite markers was done on subjects at a priori 50% risk with primary affection status. In order to refine the critical region a recombination had to be detected in subjects from at least two families.

Screening Candidate ARVD5 Genes

A mutation screening panel comprised of seven genomic DNA samples from four subjects with primary affection status from three families (AR1, AR8, AR15) and three control samples (spouses) was established. All coding and non-coding exons and intron-exon boundaries of positional candidate genes for ARVD5 were sequenced. All sequences were amplified by polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) assay from genomic DNA in 25 μl reaction volume. The components for the PCR reactions are in μl:

10× PCR Buffer 2.50 2 mM dNTP's 2.50 50 mM MgCl2 0.75 3.75M Betaine 5.00/0.00 5 U/ul DNA Taq Polymerase 0.20 Water 11.05/16.05 Forward primer 1.00 Reverse primer 1.00 25 ng/ul DNA 1.00 These conditions were the standard trial conditions for each primer set +/−betaine and the temperature scheme for the PCR reaction was TD54 where the first 5 rounds of PCR decrease the annealing temperature by 2° C. starting at 64° C. for 30 seconds standard denaturing and extension temperatures of 95° C. and 72° C. respectively for 30 seconds each. The following 30 rounds of PCR have an annealing temperature of 54° C. and standard denaturing and extension temperatures of 95° C. and 72° C. respectively for 30 seconds each. These conditions along with the PCR mixture were adjusted if required to achieve the cleanest amplification per primer pair. The PCR products were purified using 50% sephacryl (Amersham Biosciences) and MultiScreen HTS filter plates (Millipore Corporation). Purified PCR products were cycle sequenced in both forward and reverse directions with the use of BigDye Terminator V3.1 cycle sequencing kit on an automated ABI 3700 DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Sequencing electropherograms were inspected manually and analyzed with Mutation Surveyor software (Transition Technologies). Sequencing variants found exclusively in ARVC subjects were experimentally verified to reside on the ARVC haplotype by segregation analysis in family AR14. The population frequencies of ARVD5-associated alleles were determined with population-based controls obtained through random phone dialing, as part of a large colorectal cancer study. Key recombinant families (AR2 and AR10) were analyzed to determine which rare variants (<1% of the population) were shared amongst subjects with primary affection status (FIG. 2). Expression of TMEM43 in Myocardium and Lymphocytes of ARVC Patients Total RNA was extracted from Epstein Barr virus (EBV) transformed B lymphocytes from two affected subjects and one unaffected control and heart tissue from one affected subject and an unrelated control using Trizol (Invitrogen) followed by DNase1 treatment (Ambion). Complementary synthesis (Invitrogen) was performed and analyzed by both size fractionation and direct sequencing with over-lapping primers designed to cover the complete coding sequence of TMEM43. Bioinformatic Analysis

Conservation of the TMEM43 protein across species was determined using ClustalW and Weblogo¹⁰⁻¹². Potential protein localization, function, structure and posttranslational modification sites were predicted using the online tools via the ExPASy web site.¹² The effects of amino acid substitutions of protein function were predicted.¹³⁻¹⁷. Both the mutant and normal amino acid sequences of TMEM43 were used as input for these online tools to predict based on what is known about other similar proteins, the protein localization, function, structure and posttranslational modification sites. The web addresses of the sites used are available through accessing the main page at:

The following online tools were used:

-   -   9aaTAD—Prediction of Nine Amino Acid Transactivation Domain     -   MITOPROT—Prediction of mitochondrial targeting sequences     -   Predotar—Prediction of mitochondrial and plastid targeting         sequences     -   PTS1—Prediction of peroxisomal targeting signal 1 containing         proteins     -   SignalP—Prediction of signal peptide cleavage sites     -   DictyOGlyc—Prediction of GlcNAc O-glycosylation sites in         Dictyostelium     -   NetCGlys—C-mannosylation sites in mammalian proteins     -   NetOGlyc—Prediction of O-GalNAc (mucin type) glycosylation sites         in mammalian proteins     -   NetGlycate—Glycation of epsilon amino groups of lysines in         mammalian proteins     -   NetNGlyc—Prediction of N-glycosylation sites in human proteins     -   YinOYang—O-beta—GlcNAc attachment sites in eukaryotic protein         sequences     -   big—PI Predictor-GPI Modification Site Prediction     -   GPI-SOM—Identification of GPI-anchor signals by a Kohonen Self         Organizing Map     -   Myristoylator—Prediction of N-terminal myristoylation by neural         networks     -   NMT—Prediction of N-terminal N-myristoylation     -   PrePS—Prenylation Prediction Suite     -   NetAcet—Prediction of N-acetyltransferase A (NatA) substrates         (in yeast and mammalian proteins)     -   NetPhos—Prediction of Ser, Thr and Tyr phosphorylation sites in         eukaryotic proteins     -   NetPhosK—Kinase specific phosphorylation sites in eukaryotic         proteins     -   Sulfinator—Prediction of tyrosine sulfation sites     -   SulfoSite—Prediction of tyrosine sulfation sites     -   SUMOplot—Prediction of SUMO protein attachment sites     -   TermiNator—Prediction of N-terminal modification     -   NetNES Leucine—rich nuclear export signals (NES) in eukaryotic         proteins     -   PSORT—Prediction of protein subcellular localization     -   TargetP—Prediction of subcellular location     -   HMMTOP—Prediction of transmembrane helices and topology of         proteins (Hungarian Academy of Sciences)     -   PredictProtein—Prediction of transmembrane helix location and         topology (Columbia University)     -   SOSUI—Prediction of transmembrane regions (Nagoya University,         Japan)     -   TMHMM—Prediction of transmembrane helices in proteins (CBS;         Denmark)     -   TMpred—Prediction of transmembrane regions and protein         orientation (EMBnet-CH)     -   TopPred—Topology prediction of membrane proteins (France)     -   GlobPlot—Protein disorder/order/globularity/domain predictor     -   CLUSTALW [At EBI, PBIL, My Hits or at EMBnet-CH]     -   WebLogo—Sequence logos at Berkeley/USA         The potential effect of the amino acid substitution was assessed         using the following tools: SIFT, PANTHER, PolyPhen, SNPs3D and         PMut.         Clinical Assessment of TMEM43 Carriers and Non-Carriers

Only well-ascertained subjects born at a priori 50% risk were investigated for clinical outcomes. Subjects were categorized as affected, unaffected or unknown (FIG. 2). Clinical data was collected prospectively over nine years. This involved annual visits by subjects to the cardiomyopathy genetics clinic where 12 lead ECGs, Holter monitors, MRI's, signal averaged ECG's and echocardiograms were done. All cardiac anomalies were noted following clinical testing. Clinical data was also obtained retrospectively from medical records including “at risk” relatives not seen in clinic. All available autopsy results from deceased subjects were obtained.

The prevalence of ECG abnormalities was determined by two physicians blind to disease status. The prevalence of structural cardiac abnormalities was determined on first echocardiogram. Left ventricular enlargement (LVE) was defined as 2 and 3 standard deviations (SD) above a predicted mean: left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) >112% (>25D) and LVEDD >117% (>35D).¹⁸ Those with echocardiography reports that did not include measurements were excluded. The prevalence of arrhythmias was determined on first Holter monitor. In subjects with serial Holter monitors, the age to onset of de novo ≧1000 premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) was calculated by time to event analysis, after excluding those with ≧1000 PVCs present at baseline.

Statistical Analysis

Comparisons between survival of affected versus unaffected subjects was calculated by the Kaplan Meier product limit method with censoring occurring at the time of ICD therapy, heart transplantation or last follow-up (defined as the age at the last clinic visit). Relative risk was calculated using Cox's Regression model. Proportions were assessed using Chi Square. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant (SPSS software, version 14, Chicago USA).

Results

Refine Mapping

Extensive haplotype analysis both within and across the 15 extended ARVC families refined the genetic interval of ARVD5. Recombinations were identified in subjects in 8 (AR2, AR3, AR4, AR6, AR8, AR10, AR13 and AR15) of the 15 families, subjects from the other six families (AR5, AR7, AR9, AR11, AR12, AR14) shared the full-length ARVD5 haplotype identified in Family AR1 (FIG. 3). Key recombinations in the ARVD5 haplotype reduced the shared haplotype to a physical region between markers D3S3610-D3S3613, reducing the ARVD5 critical region to 2.36 Mb (FIG. 3A). This physical region on chromosome 3p includes 20 annotated genes (FIG. 3B). The apparent recombination at D3S1516 in family AR15 was not taken into account as it was not observed in another family.

Mutation Screening

The characteristics of the 20 ARVD5 positional candidate genes, namely IQSEC1, NUP210, HDAC11, FBLN2, WNT7A, TPRXL, CHCHD4, TMEM43, XPC, LSM3, SLC6A6, GRIP2, C3orf19, C3orf20, FGD5, NR2C2, MRPS25, ZFYVE20, CAPN7, SH3BP5, are provided (Table 3). Direct sequencing of genomic DNA from subjects on the mutation screening panel revealed a total of 240 sequencing variants across the 20 ARVD5 candidate genes (FIG. 9). Of these 240 variants, only 19 variants were found exclusively in subjects with primary affection status on the mutation screening panel, excluding 221 variants from further analysis (Table. 1). Of these 19 variants, 11 were determined to reside on the ARVD5 ancestral haplotype (FIG. 10) and five were rare (<1% of population chromosomes; Table 1). Only one of the five rare variants, TMEM43 1073 C>T (S358L) (FIG. 4D), was shared by all ARVC subjects with primary affection status across the 15 families. In fact, this was the only rare variant of the five that was still retained on the key recombinant ARVD5 haplotype identified in subjects with primary affection status from families AR2 and AR10 (FIG. 5), which shows that TMEM43 is ARVD5. Additional support comes from the observation that clinically unaffected adults who share distal sections of the ARVD5 haplotype lack the TMEM43 mutation (FIG. 11).

TABLE 1 Nineteen sequencing variants identified exclusively in ARVC subjects with primary affection status.

Eleven variants (shaded) were determined to be in phase on the ARVD5-ancestral haplotype and were subsequently sequenced on population controls. * rare variant (<1% of the population)

The assessment included the following features all of which were at a frequency of less than 10% in affected subjects: first degree AV block, T wave inversion in V2 and V3, ST depression anterior, lateral and inferior, ST elevation anterior, lateral and inferior, epsilon waves, tall R wave in V2, V3, left bundle branch block, right bundle branch block, flat/inferior/inverted lateral T waves, short PR interval, long and short QT interval, Inferior, lateral and anterior Q waves, atrial fibrillation, left atrial enlargement, right ventricular enlargement, left anterior and posterior hemiblock, left axis, FS <20% and left ventricular hypertrophy.

TABLE 3 Characteristics of the 20 physical candidate genes mapping within the ARVD5 critical region on 3p25 Genomic Position Gene Name Accession Number Strand Start End Exons IQSEC1 NM_014869 − 13,003,536 12,917,079 13 NUP210 NM_024923 − 13,436,809 13,332,737 40 HDAC11 NM_024827 + 13,496,824 13,521,834 10 FBLN2 NM_001004019 + 13,565,625 13,654,922 18 WNT7A NM_004625 − 13,896,619 13,835,083 4 TPRXL AK092426 + 13,953,902 14,082,480 3 CHCHD4 NM_144636 − 14,141,323 14,128,584 4 TMEM43 NM_024334 + 14,141,546 14,160,180 12 XPC NM_004628 − 14,195,143 14,161,651 16 LSM3 NM_014463 + 14,195,341 14,214,840 4 SLC6A6 NM_003043 + 14,419,110 14,503,973 15 GRIP2 NM_001080423 − 14,558,592 14,510,177 25 C3orf19 NM_016474 + 14,668,278 14,689,167 11 C3orf20 NM_032137 + 14,691,658 14,789,544 17 FGD5 NM_152536 + 14,835,810 14,950,899 20 NR2C2 NM_003298 + 14,964,240 15,065,782 15 MRPS25 NM_022497 − 15,081,820 15,065,024 4 ZFYVE20 NM_022340 − 15,115,659 15,086,584 14 CAPN7 NM_014296 + 15,222,737 15,269,426 21 SH3BP5 NM_004844 − 15,349,108 15,271,250 9 Total 275 ARVC at Locus ARVD5 is Caused by a Missense Mutation in TMEM43 Transmembrane protein 43 (TMEM43, Genbank Accession number NM_(—)024334) is a conserved gene, found across all eukaryotic and prokaryotic species (FIG. 6). The longest isoform has 12 exons producing a 400 amino acid protein (FIGS. 4A&B) that is 98% similar to the mouse protein (FIG. 6A). The TMEM43 transcript is expressed in white blood cells and heart tissue (FIG. 4C). The cDNA from the heart muscle of an affected subject was the full-length transcript, unaltered as determined by size fraction analysis and direct sequencing, suggesting that TMEM43 1073 C>T does not affect splicing (FIGS. 4C, D&E).

Bioinformatic analysis of the amino acid sequence of TMEM43 predicts it to be a cytoplasmic membrane protein with a number of potential post-translation modification sites (FIG. 7). The mutation (S358L) occurs within the third predicted transmembrane domain that is highly conserved in mammals, avian, amphibian, aquatic and insect orthologs (FIGS. 6A&B, FIG. 7). Interestingly, a leucine is tolerated in the bacterium Rhizobium loti but it is not found in any multicellular organisms (FIG. 6A). The S358L mutation is predicted to be deleterious (FIG. 6B, Table 4) but relatively little is known about the function of TMEM43.

TABLE 4 Prediction of the TMEM43 1073 C > T (S358L) mutation effect by five different bioinformatic programs. Method Mutation SIFT Panther PolyPhen SNPs3D PMut S358L deleterious deleterious benign deleterious deleterious Note: Sequence homology for PolyPhen analyses was calculated with alignments of orthologs from Eukaryota and bacteria TMEM43 Mutation Screening in Extended ARVD5 Family Members

Genomic DNA was sequenced from all available extended family members across the 15 ARVC families for the presence of the TMEM43 variant. All subjects at a priori 50% risk with primary or secondary affection status (n=106) were mutation carriers. Twenty-six subjects (3 male, 23 female) at a priori 50% risk who were clinically unaffected were mutation carriers as well. Median age of the males was 22 years, and for females 33 years: the absence of clinical signs is presumably due to age and sex dependent penetrance. The remaining 151 subjects at a priori 50% risk with no clinical signs who did not have the TMEM43 variant were considered unaffected. All subjects at less than a priori 50% risk (n=83) were also screened. Two subjects at a priori 25% risk had the TMEM43 variant. All spouses (n=47) were negative for the TMEM43 variant (FIG. 2).

Clinical Assessment of ARVD5 Kindreds

Pathology

Thirty-nine autopsy reports were available. Of these, 18 were reviewed from deceased males (median age 30 years—range 25-56; mean heart weight=500 g) from family AR1 who died suddenly. Fifteen of these reported on right ventricular histology, 11 had fibro-fatty replacement of the myocardium and the remaining four showed primarily fibrotic changes (FIG. 1B). No subject had critical coronary artery disease. For the 14 additional ARVD5 families 21 autopsy reports were reviewed, 17 males—median age 36.5 years (range 19-72) and 4 females—median age 52.5 years (range 36-65) were available. Mean heart weight was 525 g. Seven cases mentioned right ventricular histology all of which noted fibro-fatty replacement.

12-Lead ECG

Data on a total of 297 subjects (167 affected, 130 unaffected) that had at least one 12-lead surface ECG was available. The most prevalent features were poor R wave progression (PRWP), the presence of PVC's, and extended QRS 0.110 ms (Table 2). T wave inversion in leads V2-V3, and epsilon waves were noted in 3% of affected subjects. Of the 90 affected (35%), and 21 unaffected (14%) subjects with no ECG available for analysis, 73 affected and 2 unaffected were dead, the remaining subjects are in progress.

TABLE 2 12 lead ECG, Holter and Echocardiographic manifestations present on first ECG, first Holter and first echocardiogram in subjects from 15 families with ARVC due to a mutation in TMEM43 on chromosome 3 Affected Unaffected Sex Male Female Tot. Male Female Tot. X2 X2 12 lead ECG N 78 89 167 64 66 130 Aff. Mv. Aff. Fv. Mean 30 37.7 33.1 38.2 Unaff. M Unaff. F Age SD 12.1 15.8 16 13.2 n % n % N n % n % N (%) (%) PRWP 23 30 25 28 48 0 0 2 3 2 P ≦ 0.001 P ≦ 0.001 (28.7) (1.5) PVCs 25 32 22 25 47 0 0 1 2 1 p ≦ 0.001 p ≦ 0.001 (28.1) (0.7) QRS>110 25 32 8 9 33 4 6 2 3 6 p ≦ 0.001 p ≦ 0.2 ns (19.8) (4.6) Septal Q 10 13 14 16 24 0 0 0 0 0 p ≦ 0.01 p ≦ 0.001 (14.4) Holter Monitor N 67 79 146 49 44 93 Aff. Mv. Aff. Fv. Mean 31.1 37.7 33.1 38.2 Unaff. M Unaff.F Age SD 13.3 15.5 15.9 12.8 n % n % N n % n % N (%) (%) PVCs 47 70 47 59 94 0 0 1 2.3 1.0 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 ≧200/ (64.4) 24 hours PVCs 45 67 37 47 82 0 0 1 2.3 1.0 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 ≧1000/ (56.2) 24 hours ≧1 13 19 18 23 31 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 P < 0.01 P < 0.001 run ns (21.2) VT Echocardiograph N 67 76 143 50 51 101 Aff. Mv. Aff. Fv. Mean 31.58 39.61 32.46 38.27 Unaff. M Unaff.F Age SD 13.15 15.14 14.91 13.28 n % n % N n % n % N (%) (%) LVE > 35 52 27 20 62 10 20 4 8 14 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 2SD (43.3) (13.9) LVE > 24 4 20 13 44 4 8 2 4 6 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 3SD (30.8) (5.9) FS <30% 24 36 17 22 41 5 10 4 8 9 P < 0.01 P < 0.05 (28.7) (8.9) Wall 18 27 15 20 33 2 4 0 0 2 P < 0.01 P < 0.001 motion (23.1) (1.9) LAE 16 24 8 10 24 4 8 3 6 7 P < P < 1 ns (16.8) (6.9) 0.025 PVC: premature ventricular complex, VT: Ventricular tachycardia, PRWP: poor R wave progression defined as V3 less than 3 mm ³²LVE: Left ventricular enlargement indexed to height and weight ¹⁸,¹⁹LAE: left atrial enlargement, FS: fractional shortening, M: males, F: females.

The assessment included the following features all of which were at a frequency of less than 10% in affected subjects: first degree AV block, T wave inversion in V2 and V3, ST depression anterior, lateral and inferior, ST elevation anterior, lateral and inferior, epsilon waves, tall R wave in V2, V3, left bundle branch block, right bundle branch block, flat/inferior/inverted lateral T waves, short PR interval, long and short QT interval, Inferior, lateral and anterior Q waves, atrial fibrillation, left atrial enlargement, right ventricular enlargement, left anterior and posterior hemiblock, left axis, FS <20% and left ventricular hypertrophy.

Holter Monitor

Of the 239 subjects (146 affected, 93 unaffected) with at least one Holter Monitor report, the most prevalent features were premature ventricular contractions (PVC's) ≧200 and ≧1000 in 24 hours, and the presence of at least one run of non sustained ventricular tachycardia (nsVT) (Table 2). Of the 111 affected (43%), and 58 unaffected (38%) subjects with no Holter monitor available for analysis, 76 affected and 2 unaffected were dead. The remaining subjects are in progress. Eighty-two affected subjects (56%: 45 male, 37 female) were determined to have ≧1000 PVC's on baseline Holter monitor (Table 2). Fifteen affected subjects (43%: six male, eight female) without ≧1000 PVC's at baseline subsequently developed ≧1000 PVC's (FIGS. 8A1&A2). One unaffected subject had ≧1000 PVC's at baseline (Table 2): two females developed ≧1000 PVC's on a subsequent Holter monitor (FIG. 8A2). The median age to onset of de-novo ≧1000 PVC's for affected males was 26 years. There was a significant difference between affected and unaffected males for time to development of ≧1000 PVC's (p≦0.0001) (FIG. 8A1). The median age to onset of de-novo ≧1000 PVC's for females in the affected group was 56 years with a significant difference between affected and unaffected females for time to development of ≧1000 PVC's (p=0.02, RR 5.9, 95% CI 1.2-28.5) (FIG. 8A2). Affected males were five times more likely to develop ≧1000 PVC's than affected females (RR 5.467, (95% CI 1.769-16.889) p≦0.003) (FIG. 8A3).

Echocardiography

Of the 244 subjects (143 affected and 101 unaffected) that had at least one 2D echocardiogram available for analysis. Five reports (three males, two females) from affected subjects were excluded because measurements were not available. Of these, three males and one female, all deceased, were reported to have a “massively dilated heart”. The most prevalent feature was LVE based on LVEDD (Table 2) 19. Of the 114 (44%) affected, and 50 unaffected (33%) subjects with no echocardiogram, 86 affected and two unaffected were dead. The remaining subjects are in progress. Right ventricular echocardiography was unavailable for many echocardiograms from older subjects.

Heart Failure

Of 89 affected males with medical records, 14 developed heart failure at a median age of 63 years (95% CI 41 years-84 years) compared with none of the unaffected males (p≦0.0001: log rank) (FIG. 8B1). Of 87 affected females with medical records, seven developed heart failure (median age 73 years, 95% CI 69 years-77 years), and one unaffected female at age 79 years (p≦0.001, log rank) (FIG. 8B2). Affected males were three times more likely to develop heart failure than females (RR 3.4, 95% CI 1.36-8.57, p≦0.009) (FIG. 8B3).

Life Expectancy

In the affected group (n=257) there were 123 (48%) deaths (99 males and 24 females). DNA was available from 10 deceased subjects, the remainder (n=113) made up the primary affection status group for whom no DNA was available (FIG. 2). Sudden cardiac death occurred in 85 (86%) of the 99 males and 10 (42%) of the 24 females. Death was attributed to other cardiac causes in 14 (11%) subjects, (seven male, seven female) and non-cardiac conditions in seven (5%) subjects, three male and four female. For the remaining four deaths (two male, two female) the cause of death was unknown. The median survival was 41 years for affected males (95% CI 38 years-43 years) compared with a mean age of 83 years in unaffected males (p≦0.0001, log rank) (FIG. 8C1). The median survival was 71 years for affected females (95% C.I. 64 years-78 years), compared with a median age of 83 years for unaffected females (95% CI 65 years-101 years) (FIG. 8C2). The relative risk of dying was 6.8 times higher in affected males compared to affected females (95% C.I:4.3 10.9, p≦0.0001) (FIG. 8C3).

Discussion

The inventors have identified a mutation in TMEM43, as the cause of ARVC at locus ARVD5. Screening across 15 ARVD5-linked families for the S358L mutation show all subjects with primary affection status are heterozygous carriers, and the mutation was not detected in any population-based controls. This clearly is another Newfoundland founder mutation.²⁰ In addition, the serine at position 358 is well conserved across multicellular eukaryotic species and the effect of the amino acid change is predicted to be deleterious.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, mutations in desmosomal genes have been implicated in several genetic subtypes of ARVC, indicating that ARVC is primarily a disease of the desmosome.^(5, 7) Mechanical stress has, therefore, been predicted to cause the ARVC phenotype. More recently signaling pathways have been implicated in ARVC pathogenesis^(7, 21) For example, plakoglobin, when freed from desmosomal complexes, translocates to the nucleus where it competes and opposes the action of β-catenin to down regulate the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which in turn promotes adipogenesis, fibrogenesis and apoptosis.^(5, 21) Suppression of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown to up regulate two adipogenic transcription factors, C/EBP-α and PPARγ.²¹

In the case of ARVD5, the inventors have identified a gene that is highly conserved across animal phyla for which functional domains with known proteins yields no information to potential biochemical pathways. Interestingly, a genome wide scan for peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs) identified 1085 potential target genes of PPARγ, including TMEM43²². While the function of the TMEM43 protein is not well understood, and to date, it has not been associated with any known disease, TMEM43 appears to be regulated by PPARγ.

The inventors have defined ARVC at locus ARVD5 across at least eight generations from fifteen families. The phenotype included fibrofatty infiltration of both left and right ventricles, manifestations of arrhythmogenic disease and early death. The inventors showed that the arrhythmias were the earliest manifestation, followed by death. Heart failure occurred later in those who survived or experienced less ectopy. Subjects had LVE, with systolic manifestations, which lead in some instances to heart failure. This condition is alternatively called “arrhythmic cardiomyopathy.”^(23, 24, 25) ARVC was difficult to diagnose prior to the present disclosure.¹ A problem with prior approaches is that there has to be access to the relevant clinical testing, the subject needs to be alive, and a large enough family present to recognize disease despite variable expression and reduced penetrance. Although modifications to these criteria have been proposed²⁶ the continued reliance on multiple testing made diagnosis problematic in the prior art. The ability to define those with the gene, by molecular testing, presymptomatically (particularly as the first symptom may be SCD) now removes the uncertainly surrounding false negative clinical assessment, and allows for prophylactic treatment with ICD therapy.

Common diseases are those that most physicians will encounter in their practice over their lifetime. As a practical definition, Motulsky set a frequency of 1 affected per 1000 for a given disease to be considered common.²⁷ ARVC clearly approaches the frequency of a common disease in Newfoundland Labrador and a population-based approach for molecular genetic testing to identify individuals at risk of SCD is being considered. The high morbidity and mortality associated with the mutation in TMEM43 would be reduced by screening for ARVC.²⁸

Many medically important genes and mutations have been identified in patients and families from Newfoundland that are relevant to outbred populations. For example, the role of mismatch repair genes in colon cancer, a universal phenomenon, was discovered by genetic mapping in a multigenerational family from Newfoundland (33-34). The identification of multiple Newfoundland families with a rare, multisystem genetic disorder, Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), included the mapping of a novel BBS gene (BBS5) and inspired a new medical field of inquiry, one of ciliary disease, involved in more common conditions (35-39). Hearing loss is the most common sensory disorder worldwide. A missense mutation in exon 8 of the WFS1 gene was first identified in a Newfoundland family with low frequency hearing loss (39). Since this report, missense mutations in the WFS1 gene have been found to underlie all reported cases for this type of hearing deficit except one (Costa Rican family) (40-41). These are but a few of many examples that both genes and specific mutations identified in patients and families with genetic disease from Newfoundland serve as a valuable resource for out bred populations. The Newfoundland founder population also has generalizability for more common (complex diseases). In a recent study of the genetic architecture of 12 of the worlds well established founder populations, the Newfoundland population was found to have the greatest generalizability of the founder populations, as all markers with an allele frequency greater than 10% in the NL population were also noted in a Caucasian out bred population (42).

The methods disclosed provide significant advantages because it they are based on a homogeneous population with almost total ascertainment of those at a priori 50% risk in the defined pedigrees. All the available past medical records from affected and unaffected subjects were examined, extensive genealogical data across multiple generations, and subjects are clinically screened at a single tertiary centre. An accurate knowledge of the disease process provides a basis for precise genetic counseling and clinical care of those at-risk. The TMEM43 mutations were made with a large and homogeneous ARVC population, which is well demarcated and well ascertained.

Example 2 ARVC Penetrance

One hundred and thirty seven subjects (60 affected males, 77 affected females) were used to determine penetrance. Median age to develop an ARVD5 associated phenotype was 32 years (95% CI 28-35) for males and 44 years (95% CI 39-48) for females, with 100% of males and females penetrant by 63 and 76 years respectively (FIGS. 12A and B). Males were twice as likely to reveal the disease phenotype than females (RR 2, 99% CI 1.2-3.3) (p≦0.0001). The commonest clinical features for which subjects were initially penetrant were ectopy (44%), and LVE (27%), then VT (9%), QRS >110 ms (9%), late potentials on SAECG (7%), SCD (2%) and heart failure (2%).

For the penetrance study, subjects who were alive at the start of the study (1996), who had a medical record and had a genetic diagnosis (mutation carriers or obligate carriers) were followed. The results showed that ARVC was fully penetrant in males by the age of 63 and in females by the age of 76; ectopy and LVE were often the first presenting features, and few presented with death or heart failure. Therefore, in order to assess the penetrance of heart failure and death, all affected subjects were used. Heart failure and death were morbid outcomes at early ages in both males and females, with far more serious early events in males. In both sexes heart failure occurs as a later manifestation in subjects who did not succumb to SCD. These major manifestations define ARVC, due to the TMEM43 mutation, as a lethal, fully penetrant, sex-influenced, autosomal dominant disorder.

Example 3

Subjects and/or families which have a family history of suspected ARVD/C eg a family history of cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death are identified. Blood samples from 1^(st), 2^(nd) and third degree relatives of the affected subjects are obtained. One or more TMEM43 exons or parts thereof are sequenced and compared to normal subjects to identify putative mutations. The frequency and association of putative mutations in affected and control populations is determined, for example by assembling a pedigree. Mutations are confirmed, for example confirmed to be rare in a normal or non-ARVD/C population.

Example 4

TMEM43 transcripts identified by ECgene bioinformatic analysis are useful for designing probes and primers for use in the methods described herein.

>H3C1779.1 2,846 bp. Direction:F CDS(259 . . . 1,459)

>H3C1779.1 (SEQ ID NOS: 55 & 56)

>H3C1779.2 (SEQ ID NOS: 57 & 58)

>H3C1779.3 (SEQ ID NOS: 59 & 60)

>H3C1779.4 (SEQ ID NOS: 61 & 62)

>H3C1779.5 (SEQ ID NOS: 63 & 64)

>H3C1779.6 (SEQ ID NOS: 65 & 66)

>H3C1779.7 (SEQ ID NOS: 67 & 68)

>H3C1779.8 (SEQ ID NOS: 69 & 70)

>H3C1779.9 (SEQ ID NOS: 71 & 72)

>H3C1779.10 (SEQ ID NOS: 73 & 74)

>H3C1779.11 (SEQ ID NOS: 75 & 76)

While the present disclosure has been described with reference to what are presently considered to be the preferred examples, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed examples. To the contrary, the disclosure is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

All publications, patents and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety

FULL CITATIONS FOR REFERENCES REFERRED TO IN THE SPECIFICATION

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We claim:
 1. A composition comprising: (i) a polymerase reaction buffer and/or hybridization solution; and (ii) at least one isolated single stranded nucleic acid comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 4 including the thymidine at position 171, or at least one isolated single stranded nucleic acid consisting of the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 19, 20, 23, 24, 43, and 44; wherein the isolated nucleic acid is labeled with a detectable label selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent compound, a chemiluminescent (chromophore) compound, and an enzyme; and wherein the composition is used to detect a ARVD/C associated mutant TMEM43.
 2. A microarray comprising a plurality of single stranded nucleic acid probes and a solid surface wherein the probes are fixed to the solid surface, wherein at least one of the plurality of probes comprises at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 4, including the thymidine at position 171, or the complement thereof.
 3. A kit comprising instructions for use and one or more of: a) a nucleic acid detection reagent comprising: (i) at least one isolated nucleic acid probe comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 4 including the thymidine at position 171, or the complement thereof; (ii) a carrier selected from the group consisting of agarose, cellulose, dextran, Sephadex, Sepharose, carboxymethyl cellulose polystyrine, filter paper, ion-exchange resin, plastic film, plastic tube, glass beads, polyamine-methyl vinyl-ether-maleic acid copolymer, amino acid copolymer, ethylene-maleic acid copolymer, nylon, and silk fixed to the at least one isolated nucleic acid probe in (i) or a detectable label selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent compound, a chemiluminescent (chromophore) compound, and an enzyme, wherein the isolated nucleic acid probe in (i) is labeled with the detectable label; b) the composition of claim 1; c) a microarray comprising a plurality of single stranded nucleic acid probes and a solid surface wherein the probes are fixed to the solid surface, wherein at least one of the plurality of probes comprises at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 4 including the thymidine at position 171; and d) one or more primers selected from SEQ ID NOS: 19, 20, 23, 24, 43, and 44 labeled with a detectable label selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent compound, a chemiluminescent (chromophore) compound, and an enzyme.
 4. The kit of claim 3, wherein the one or more primers are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 19, 20, 23, 24, 43, and
 44. 5. The kit of claim 3 further comprising an isolated nucleic acid probe that hybridizes with wildtype TMEM43, wherein the probe is labeled with a detectable label selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent compound, a chemiluminescent (chromophore) compound, and an enzyme.
 6. The kit of claim 3 wherein the nucleic acid probe comprises 17-20 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:
 53. 7. The kit of claim 5 wherein the wildtype TMEM43 sequence consists of SEQ ID NO:
 54. 8. A composition comprising at least one isolated deoxyribonucleic acid comprising at least 250 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 4, including the thymidine at position 171, or the complement thereof, wherein the isolated deoxyribonucleic acid is labeled with a detectable label selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent compound, a chemiluminescent (chromophore) compound, and an enzyme.
 9. The composition of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises: (i) PCR buffer; and (ii) at least one isolated single stranded nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 19, 20, 23, 24, 43, and 44 labeled with a detectable label selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent compound, a chemiluminescent (chromophore) compound, and an enzyme, wherein the composition is used to detect ARVD/C associated mutant TMEM43.
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises: (i) a hybridization solution; and (ii) at least one isolated single stranded nucleic acid comprising at least 17 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 4, including the thymidine at position 171, labeled with a detectable label selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent compound, a chemiluminescent (chromophore) compound, and an enzyme, wherein the composition is used to detect ARVD/C associated mutant TMEM43. 